Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod. 2006;32:389–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siqueira JF Jr, Rôças IN. Clinical implications and microbiology of bacterial persistence after treatment procedures. J Endod. 2008;34:1291–301.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grawehr M, Sener B, Waltimo T, et al. Interactions of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid with sodium hypochlorite in aqueous solutions. Int Endod J. 2003;36:411–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nair PNR. On the causes of persistent apical periodontitis: a review. Int Endod J. 2006;39:249–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chandra A. Discuss the factors that affect the outcome of endodontic treatment. Aust Endod J. 2009;35:98–107.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song M, Kim HC, Lee W, et al. Analysis of the cause of failure in nonsurgical endodontic treatment by microscopic inspection during endodontic microsurgery. J Endod. 2011;37:1516–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Normanweller R, Niemczyk S, Kim S. Incidence and position of the canal isthmus Part 1 Mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first molar. J Endod. 1995;21:380–3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vertucci FJ. Root canal morphology and its relationship to endodontic procedures. Endod Topics. 2005;10:3–29.

Article  Google Scholar 

De Pablo ÓV, Estevez R, Sanchez P, et al. Root anatomy and canal configuration of the permanent mandibular first molar: a systematic review. J Endod. 2010;36:1919–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan B, Pan Y, Gao Y, et al. Three-dimensional morphologic analysis of isthmuses in the mesial roots of mandibular molars. J Endod. 2010;36:1866–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang LM, Lak B, Eijsvogels LM, et al. Comparison of the cleaning efficacy of different final irrigation techniques. J Endod. 2012;38:838–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mazzoni A, Pacifici A, Zanza A, et al. Assessment of real-time operative torque during nickel-titanium instrumentation with different lubricants. Appl Sci. 2020;10:6201.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Al-Jadaa A, Paqué F, Attin T, et al. Necrotic pulp tissue dissolution by passive ultrasonic irrigation in simulated accessory canals: impact of canal location and angulation. Int Endod J. 2009;42:59–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adcock JM, Sidow SJ, Looney SW, et al. Histologic evaluation of canal and isthmus debridement efficacies of two different irrigant delivery techniques in a closed system. J Endod. 2011;37:544–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao Y, Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Wu H, et al. Development and validation of a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model of root canal irrigation. J Endod. 2009;35:1282–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boutsioukis C, Kastrinakis E, Lambrianidis T, et al. Formation and removal of apical vapor lock during syringe irrigation: a combined experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics approach. Int Endod J. 2014;47:191–201.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shen Y, Gao Y, Qian W, et al. Three-dimensional numeric simulation of root canal irrigant flow with different irrigation needles. J Endod. 2010;36:884–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lecrivain G, Slaouti A, Payton C, et al. Using reverse engineering and computational fluid dynamics to investigate a lower arm amputee swimmer’s performance. J Biomech. 2008;41:2855–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thomas AR, Velmurugan N, Smita S, et al. Comparative evaluation of canal isthmus debridement efficacy of modified endovac technique with different irrigation systems. J Endod. 2014;40:1676–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang R, Shen Y, Ma J, et al. Evaluation of the effect of needle position on irrigant flow in the C-shaped root canal using a computational fluid dynamics model. J Endod. 2015;41:931–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loroño G, Zaldivar JR, Arias A, et al. Positive and negative pressure irrigation in oval root canals with apical ramifications: a computational fluid dynamics evaluation in micro-CT scanned real teeth. Int Endod J. 2020;53:671–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jamleh A, Fukumoto Y, Takatomo Y, et al. A comparison between two negative pressure irrigation techniques in simulated immature tooth: an ex vivo study. Clin Oral Investig. 2016;20:125–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clegg MS, Vertucci FJ, Walker C, et al. The effect of exposure to irrigant solutions on apical dentin biofilms in vitro. J Endod. 2006;32:434–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Gregorio C, Estevez R, Cisneros R, et al. Effect of EDTA, sonic, and ultrasonic activation on the penetration of sodium hypochlorite into simulated lateral canals: an in vitro study. J Endod. 2009;35:891–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Estevez R, Conde AJ, Valencia de Pablo O, et al. Effect of passive ultrasonic activation on organic tissue dissolution from simulated grooves in root canals using sodium hypochlorite with or without surfactants and EDTA. J Endod. 2017;43:1161–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iandolo A, Amato M, Abdellatif D, et al. Effect of different final irrigation protocols on pulp tissue dissolution from an isthmus model. Aust Endod J. 2021;47:538–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boutsioukis C, Lambrianidis T, Kastrinakis E. Irrigant flow within a prepared root canal using various flow rates: a Computational Fluid Dynamics study. Int Endod J. 2009;42:144–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boutsioukis C, Gogos C, Verhaagen B, et al. The effect of root canal taper on the irrigant flow: evaluation using an unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics model. Int Endod J. 2010;43:909–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boutsioukis C, Lambrianidis T, Verhaagen B, et al. The effect of needle-insertion depth on the irrigant flow in the root canal: Evaluation using an unsteady computational fluid dynamics model. J Endod. 2010;36:1664–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loroño G, Zaldivar JMR, Jimenez-Octavio JR, et al. CFD analysis on the effect of combining positive and negative pressure during the irrigation of artificial isthmuses. Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng. 2020;36:3385.

Article  Google Scholar 

Boutsioukis C, Gutierrez Nova P. Syringe irrigation in minimally shaped root canals using 3 endodontic needles: a computational fluid dynamics study. J Endod. 2021;47:1487–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rito Pereira M, Silva G, Semiao V, et al. Experimental validation of a computational fluid dynamics model using micro-particle image velocimetry of the irrigation flow in confluent canals. Int Endod J. 2022;55:1394–403.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar