Mirelman A, Bonato P, Camicioli R, Ellis TD, Giladi N, Hamilton JL, et al. Gait impairments in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(7):697–708.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bock MA, Vittinghoff E, Bahorik AL, Leng Y, Fink H, Yaffe K. Cognitive and functional trajectories in older adults with prediagnostic Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2023;100(13):e1386–94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, Schmand B. Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005;65(8):1239–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poewe W, Seppi K, Tanner CM, Halliday GM, Brundin P, Volkmann J, et al. Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3(1):1–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schapira AH, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P. Non-motor features of Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18(7):435–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelly VE, Eusterbrock AJ, Shumway-Cook A. A review of dual-task walking deficits in people with Parkinson’s disease: motor and cognitive contributions, mechanisms, and clinical implications. Parkinsons Dis. 2012;2012.

Zhang X, Fan W, Yu H, Li L, Chen Z, Guan Q. Single-and dual-task gait performance and their diagnostic value in early-stage Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2022;13:974985.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salazar RD, Ren X, Ellis TD, Toraif N, Barthelemy OJ, Neargarder S, et al. Dual tasking in Parkinson’s disease: cognitive consequences while walking. Neuropsychology. 2017;31(6):613.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kleiner AFR, Pagnussat AS, Prisco Gd, Vagnini A, Stocchi F, De Pandis MF, et al. Analyzing gait variability and dual-task interference in patients with Parkinson’s disease and freezing by means of the word-color Stroop test. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2018;30(9):1137–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morrison S, Moxey J, Reilly N, Russell DM, Thomas KM, Grunsfeld AA. The relation between falls risk and movement variability in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Brain Res. 2021;239(7):2077–87.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hariz GM, Forsgren L. Activities of daily living and quality of life in persons with newly diagnosed Parkinson’s disease according to subtype of disease, and in comparison to healthy controls. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;123(1):20–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou J, Manor B, Yu W, Lo OY, Gouskova N, Salvador R, et al. Targeted tDCS mitigates dual-task costs to gait and balance in older adults. Ann Neurol. 2021;90(3):428–39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ljubisavljevic MR, Oommen J, Filipovic S, Bjekic J, Szolics M, Nagelkerke N. Effects of tDCS of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on dual-task performance involving manual dexterity and cognitive task in healthy older adults. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:144.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wong P-L, Yang Y-R, Huang S-F, Fuh J-L, Chiang H-L, Wang R-Y. Transcranial direct current stimulation on different targets to modulate cortical activity and dual-task walking in individuals with Parkinson’s disease: a double blinded randomized controlled trial. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:807151.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bueno MEB, da Silva TCO, de Souza RJ, Volpe RP, Moura FA, Smaili SM. Acute effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with physical therapy on the balance and gait in individuals with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2023;226:107604.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tombu M, Jolicœur P. A central capacity sharing model of dual-task performance. J Exp Psychol-Hum Percept Perform. 2003;29(1):3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Yahya E, Dawes H, Smith L, Dennis A, Howells K, Cockburn J. Cognitive motor interference while walking: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35(3):715–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu T, Hallett M, Chan P. Motor automaticity in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2015;82:226–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gilat M, Bell PT, Martens KAE, Georgiades MJ, Hall JM, Walton CC, et al. Dopamine depletion impairs gait automaticity by altering cortico-striatal and cerebellar processing in Parkinson’s disease. NeuroImage. 2017;152:207–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ranchet M, Hoang I, Cheminon M, Derollepot R, Devos H, Perrey S, et al. Changes in prefrontal cortical activity during walking and cognitive functions among patients with Parkinson’s disease. Front Neurol. 2020;11:601686.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Appel-Cresswell S, de la Fuente-Fernandez R, Galley S, McKeown MJ. Imaging of compensatory mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2010;23(4):407–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palmer SJ, Ng B, Abugharbieh R, Eigenraam L, McKeown MJ. Motor reserve and novel area recruitment: amplitude and spatial characteristics of compensation in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci. 2009;29(11):2187–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Valentino F, Cosentino G, Brighina F, Pozzi NG, Sandrini G, Fierro B, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation for treatment of freezing of gait: a cross-over study. Mov Disord. 2014;29(8):1064–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Usman JS, Wong TW-L, NG SSM. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on dual-task performance in older and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr Plus. 2024:100047.

Lin X, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wen L, Duan L, Yang L. Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on dual-task performance in different populations: a systematic review. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1157920.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chung CLH, Mak MKY, Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation promotes gait training in Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(5):933–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mishra RK, Thrasher AT. Transcranial direct current stimulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves dual-task gait performance in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a double blind, sham-controlled study. Gait Posture. 2021;84:11–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Santos Ferreira I, Teixeira Costa B, Lima Ramos C, Lucena P, Thibaut A, Fregni F. Searching for the optimal tDCS target for motor rehabilitation. J NeuroEng Rehabil. 2019;16:1–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lefaucheur J-P, Aleman A, Baeken C, Benninger DH, Brunelin J, Di Lazzaro V, et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014–2018). Clin Neurophysiol. 2020;131(2):474–528.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amir-Behghadami M, Janati A, Population. Intervention, comparison, outcomes and study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews. Emerg Med J. 2020.

Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. Introduction to meta-analysis: Wiley; 2021.

Lee JH, Lee TL, Kang N. Transcranial direct current stimulation decreased cognition-related reaction time in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;70:101377.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stedman MR, Curtin F, Elbourne DR, Kesselheim AS, Brookhart MA. Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(6):1732–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random‐effects models for meta‐analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2010;1(2):97–111.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539–58.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–60.

Article