Fig. 1. Three-dimensional (3D) modeling and fabrication of a colonic stent simulator. (A) Automated segmentation of the colon from contrast-enhanced computed tomography. (B) 3D images of an artificial whole colon and its individual segments generated using modeling software. (C) A silicone-based colon model and malignant stenotic module were produced through 3D printing. (D) All colon parts were assembled in the body case. (E) Intraluminal view of 3D-printed model.

Fig. 2. Reusable self-expandable metal stent using a funnel-shaped reconstruction device.

Fig. 3. Interchangeable colonic stenotic modules. (A) Ascending colon stenosis. (B) Descending colon stenosis. (C) Sigmoid colon stenosis. (D) Rectum stenosis.

Fig. 4. Details of the colonic stenotic module. (A) The internal form of stenosis incorporates tumor contour and surface blood vessel structure, making it appear realistic. (B) The center of the stenosis module is made of a translucent material, allowing for visual observation during stent insertion.

Fig. 5. Stent insertion procedures using our colonic stent simulator.

Graphical abstract