Fanzo J, Rudie C, Sigman I, Grinspoon S, Benton TG, Brown ME, et al. Sustainable food systems and nutrition in the 21st century: a report from the 22nd annual Harvard Nutrition Obesity Symposium. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;115(1):18–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams J, Buoncristiano M, Nardone P, Rito AI, Spinelli A, Hejgaard T et al. A Snapshot of European Children’s Eating Habits: Results from the Fourth Round of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Nutrients. 2020;12(8).

Public Health England. National diet and nutrition survey 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 08]. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/national-diet-and-nutrition-survey

Liu J, Rehm CD, Onopa J, Mozaffarian D. Trends in diet quality among youth in the United States, 1999–2016. JAMA. 2020;323(12):1161–74.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2011-12 Australian Health Survey: Nutrition first results - foods and nutrients: Commonwealth of Australia; 2014 [cited 2023 Feb 08]. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/australian-health-survey-nutrition-first-results-foods-and-nutrients/latest-release

Poore J, Nemecek T. Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science. 2018;360(6392):987–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosenzweig C, Mbow C, Barioni L, Benton T, Herrero M, Krishnapillai M, et al. Climate change responses benefit from a global food system approach. Nat Food. 2020;1:94–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vidgen HA, Gallegos D. Defining food literacy and its components. Appetite. 2014;76:50–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cullen T, Hatch J, Martin W, Higgins JW, Sheppard R. Food literacy: definition and framework for action. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2015;76(3):140–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Truman E, Lane D, Elliott C. Defining food literacy: a scoping review. Appetite. 2017;116:365–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelly RK, Nash R. Food literacy interventions in elementary schools: a systematic scoping review. J Sch Health. 2021;91(8):660–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Movassagh EZ, Baxter-Jones ADG, Kontulainen S, Whiting SJ, Vatanparast H. Tracking dietary patterns over 20 years from childhood through adolescence into young adulthood: the Saskatchewan pediatric bone mineral accrual study. Nutrients. 2017;9(9).

Craigie AM, Lake AA, Kelly SA, Adamson AJ, Mathers JC. Tracking of obesity-related behaviours from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2011;70(3):266–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Otto S, Evans GW, Moon MJ, Kaiser FJ. The development of children’s environmental attitude and behavior. Glob Environ Change. 2019;58.

Kuby KR, Vaughn M. Young children’s identities becoming: exploring agency in the creation of multimodal literacies. J Early Child Lit. 2015;15(4).

Colley P, Myer B, Seabrook J, Gilliland J. The impact of Canadian school food programs on children’s nutrition and health: a systematic review. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2019;80(2):79–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cotton W, Dudley D, Peralta L, Werkhoven T. The effect of teacher-delivered nutrition education programs on elementary-aged students: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med Rep. 2020;20:101178.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown EC, Buchan DS, Baker JS, Wyatt FB, Bocalini DS, Kilgore L. A systematised review of primary school whole class child obesity interventions: effectiveness, characteristics, and strategies. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:4902714.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dudley DA, Cotton WG, Peralta LR. Teaching approaches and strategies that promote healthy eating in primary school children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activity. 2015;12:28.

Article  Google Scholar 

O’Brien KM, Barnes C, Yoong S, Campbell E, Wyse R, Delaney T et al. School-based nutrition interventions in children aged 6 to 18 years: an umbrella review of systematic reviews. Nutrients. 2021;13(11).

Chaudhary A, Sudzina F, Mikkelsen BE. Promoting healthy eating among young people - a review of the evidence of the impact of school-based interventions. Nutrients. 2020;12(9).

Price C, Cohen D, Pribis P, Cerami J. Nutrition education and body mass index in grades K-12: a systematic review. J Sch Health. 2017;87(9):715–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Global nutrition targets 2025: Childhood overweight policy brief 2014 [cited 2023 Feb 08]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-14.6

World Health Organization. Report of the commission on ending childhood obesity 2016 [cited 2024 Oct 14]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241510066

Food and Agriculture Organization. FAO school food and nutrition framework. 2019.

Australian Trade and Investment Commission. Schools in Australia Canberra, Australia: Australian Trade and Investment Commission; 2022 [cited 2023 Feb 08]. https://www.studyaustralia.gov.au/english/study/schools

National Center for Education Statistics. Compulsory school attendance laws, minimum and maximum age limits for required free education, by state: 2017. U.S. Department of Education; 2017.

Lister-Sharp D, Chapman S, Stewart-Brown S, Sowden A. Health promoting schools and health promotion in schools: two systematic reviews. Health Technol Assess. 1999;3(22).

Clarke J, Fletcher B, Lancashire E, Pallan M, Adab P. The views of stakeholders on the role of the primary school in preventing childhood obesity: a qualitative systematic review. Obes Rev. 2013;14(12):975–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Love P, Booth A, Margerison C, Nowson C, Grimes C. Food and nutrition education opportunities within Australian primary schools. Health Promot Int. 2020;35(6):1291–301.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clarke JL, Pallan MJ, Lancashire ER, Adab P. Obesity prevention in English primary schools: headteacher perspectives. Health Promot Int. 2017;32(3):490–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Education Scotland. Curriculum for excellence: Health and wellbeing, experience and outcomes 2016 [cited 2023 Jan 19]. https://education.gov.scot/Documents/health-and-wellbeing-eo.pdf

Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority. Curriculum connections: Food and wellbeing: Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority; [cited 2023 Feb 04]. https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/resources/curriculum-connections/portfolios/food-and-wellbeing/

UK Department for Education. Design and technology programmes of study: Key stages 1 and 2 National curriculum in England 2014 [cited 2023 Jan 19]. https://www.gov.uk/national-curriculum/key-stage-1-and-2

NSW Education Standards Authority. PDHPE K-10 Syllabus 2018 [cited 2023 Jan 19]. https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/k-10/learning-areas/pdhpe/pdhpe-k-10-2018

Li F, Yuan Y, Xu X, Chen J, Li J, He G, Chen B. Nutrition education practices of health teachers from Shanghai K-12 schools: the current status, barriers and willingness to teach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1).

Jones AM, Zidenberg-Cherr S. Exploring nutrition education resources and barriers, and nutrition knowledge in teachers in California. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2015;47(2):162–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kupolati MD, Gericke GJ, MacIntyre UE, Ferreira R, Fraser W, Toit PD. Nutrition education practices of primary school teachers in a resource-constrained community in Gauteng. South Afr Ecol Food Nutr. 2016;55(3):279–91.

Article  Google Scholar 

Guglielmo D, Chantaprasopsuk S, Kay C, Hyde E, Stewart C, Gazmararian. Nutrition policies, practices, and environments in low-income Georgia elementary schools, United States, 2015–2017. J Sch Health. 2020;90(4):278–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watts SO, Piñero DJ, Alter MM, Lancaster KJ. An Assessment of Nutrition Education in selected counties in New York State elementary schools (kindergarten through fifth grade). J Nutr Educ Behav. 2012;44(6):474–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Vlieger N, Riley N, Miller A, Collins CE, Bucher T. Nutrition education in the Australian New South Wales primary school curriculum: an exploration of time allocation, translation and attitudes in a sample of teachers. Health Promotion J Australia. 2019;30(1):94–101.

Article  Google Scholar 

Metos JM, Sarnoff K, Jordan KC. Teachers’ perceived and desired roles in nutrition education. J Sch Health. 2019;89(1):68–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aydin G, Margerison C, Worsley A, Booth A. Essential food and nutrition knowledge and skills for primary school children: Australian parents’ opinions. Health Educ. 2021;122(4):424–39.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2007;4(10):e297.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. College Station. TX: StataCorpLLC; 2021.

Google Scholar 

Serdar CC, Cihan M, Yücel D, Serdar MA. Sample size, power and effect size revisited: simplified and practical approaches in pre-clinical, clinical and laboratory studies. Biochemia Med. 2021;31(1):010502.

Google Scholar 

Black JL, Velazquez CE, Ahmadi N, Chapman GE, Carten S, Edward J, et al. Sustainability and public health nutrition at school: assessing the integration of healthy and environmentally sustainable food initiatives in Vancouver schools. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(13):2379–91.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carter MA, Swinburn B. Measuring the ‘obesogenic’ food environment in New Zealand primary schools. Health Promot Int. 2004;19(1):15–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lien N, van Stralen MM, Androutsos O, Bere E, Fernández-Alvira JM, Jan N, et al. The school nutrition environment and its association with soft drink intakes in seven countries across Europe - the ENERGY project. Health Place. 2014;30:28–35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377–81.

Article  PubMed