Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Conflicts of interest

Y. Takeuchi has received consulting fees, speaking fees, and/or honoraria from Amgen Inc., Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Mochida Pharma Co., Ltd., and Teijin Pharma Ltd.

S. Tanaka has received lecture fees from the Research Institute of Healthcare Data Science. He has received consultation fees and outsourcing fees from Eli Lilly and Company, Welby, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Satt, and the Public Health Research Foundation. He has received research grants from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, the Japanese Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, and Novo Nordisk. He engaged in a research project of the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development.

H. Hagino received lecture fees or grants outside the submitted work from Amgen Inc., Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Mochida Pharma Co., Ltd., Teijin Pharma Ltd., and UCB Japan Co., Ltd.

S. Soen has received consulting fees, speaking fees, and/or honoraria from Amgen Inc., Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan Co., Ltd., Mochida Pharma Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Teijin Pharma Ltd., and UCB Japan Co., Ltd.

T. Kuroda and S. Mori declare no competing interests.