Heald AH, Stedman M, Davies M, et al. Estimating life years lost to diabetes: outcomes from analysis of National Diabetes Audit and Office of National Statistics data. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab. 2020;9(4):183–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/XCE.0000000000000210.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

International Diabetes Federation 2021. https://idf.org/about-diabetes/diabetes-facts-figures/

Fonseca VA. Defining and characterizing the progression of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(Suppl 2):S151. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-S301.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Butler AE, Janson J, Bonner-Weir S, et al. β-cell deficit and increased β-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2003;52(1):102–10. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.1.102.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nathan DM. Progress in diabetes research—what’s next. JAMA. 2009;301(15):1599–601. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.509.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dugan JA, MSPAS P A C. Standards of care and treatment in diabetes. Endocrinology. 2016;2(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2016.08.004.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hinnen D. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes spectrum. 2017;30(3):202–10. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds16-0026.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pratley RE, Aroda VR, Lingvay I, et al. Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(4):275–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30024-X.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sorli C, Harashima S, Tsoukas GM, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational, multicentre phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(4):251–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30024-X.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmann AJ, Capehorn M, Charpentier G, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus exenatide ER in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 3): a 56-week, open-label, randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(2):258–66. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-0417.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aroda VR, Bain SC, Cariou B, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily insulin glargine as add-on to metformin (with or without sulfonylureas) in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, multinational, phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):355–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30085-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodbard HW, Lingvay I, Reed J, et al. Semaglutide added to basal insulin in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 5): a randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(6):2291–301. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-00070.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zinman B, Bhosekar V, Busch R, et al. Semaglutide once weekly as add-on to SGLT-2 inhibitor therapy in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 9): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(5):356–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30066-X.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ji L, Dong X, Li Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily sitagliptin as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes in SUSTAIN China: a 30-week, double-blind, phase 3a, randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23(2):404–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14232.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zaazouee MS, Hamdallah A, Helmy SK, et al. Semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of safety and efficacy outcomes. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022;16(6): 102511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102511.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mould DR. Model-based meta-analysis: an important tool for making quantitative decisions during drug development. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92(3):283–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2012.122.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Wang DD, Li ZP. Analysis of time course and dose effect of tacrolimus on proteinuria in lupus nephritis patients. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2021;46(1):106–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.13260.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong Z, Xu L, Liu H, et al. Comparative efficacy of five long-term weight loss drugs: quantitative information for medication guidelines. Obes Rev. 2017;18(12):1377–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12606.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boucher M, Bennetts M. Many flavors of model—based meta-analysis: part II—modeling summary level longitudinal responses. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2018;7(5):288–97. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp4.12299.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drugs@FDA,https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=209637

Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834–44. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503–15. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107519.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frías JP, Auerbach P, Bajaj HS, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 2·0 mg versus 1·0 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN FORTE): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3B trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(9):563–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00174-1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nauck MA, Petrie JR, Sesti G, et al. A phase 2, randomized, dose-finding study of the novel once-weekly human GLP-1 analog, semaglutide, compared with placebo and open-label liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):231–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaku K, Yamada Y, Watada H, et al. Safety and efficacy of once-weekly semaglutide vs additional oral antidiabetic drugs in Japanese people with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial[J]. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(5):1202–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seino Y, Terauchi Y, Osonoi T, et al. Safety and efficacy of semaglutide once weekly vs sitagliptin once daily, both as monotherapy in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(2):378–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frías JP, Auerbach P, Bajaj HS, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 2· 0 mg versus 1· 0 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN FORTE): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3B trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(9):563–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahrén B, Masmiquel L, Kumar H, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily sitagliptin as an add-on to metformin, thiazolidinediones, or both, in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 2): a 56-week, double-blind, phase 3a, randomised trial[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):341–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lingvay I, Catarig AM, Frias JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus daily canagliflozin as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 8): a double-blind, phase 3b, randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(11):834–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Capehorn MS, Catarig AM, Furberg JK, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 1.0 mg vs once-daily liraglutide 1.2 mg as add-on to 1–3 oral antidiabetic drugs in subjects with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 10)[J]. Diabetes Metab. 2020;46(2):100–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar