Mehrzad R Chapter 1 - Definition and introduction to epidemiology of obesity. In: Mehrzad R, editor. Obesity: Elsevier; 2020. p. 1–6.

Murray CJL, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1223–49.

Article  Google Scholar 

Di Cesare M, Sorić M, Bovet P, Miranda JJ, Bhutta Z, Stevens GA, et al. The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: a worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action. BMC Med. 2019;17:212.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pearson-Stuttard J, Banerji T, Capucci S, de Laguiche E, Faurby MD, Haase CL, et al. Real-world costs of obesity-related complications over eight years: a US retrospective cohort study in 28,500 individuals. Int J Obes. 2023;47:1239–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sahoo K, Sahoo B, Choudhury AK, Sofi NY, Kumar R, Bhadoria AS. Childhood obesity: causes and consequences. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2015;4:187–92.

Article  Google Scholar 

Matthiessen J, Stockmarr A, Biltoft-Jensen A, Fagt S, Zhang H, Groth MV. Trends in overweight and obesity in Danish children and adolescents: 2000-2008–exploring changes according to parental education. Scand J Public Health. 2014;42:385–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

OECD. The heavy burden of obesity: The economics of prevention. OECD Health Policy Studies. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2019. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1787/67450d67-en.

Lissner L, Wijnhoven TM, Mehlig K, Sjöberg A, Kunesova M, Yngve A, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood overweight: heterogeneity across five countries in the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI-2008). Int J Obes. 2016;40:796–802.

Article  Google Scholar 

Abrahamyan A, Soares S, Correia D, Oliveira A, Fraga S. Childhood social adversity and clustering of health risk behaviours during early adolescence in a population-based birth cohort. Public Health. 2023;220:80–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Cai L, Wu Y, Wilson RF, Weston C, Fawole O, et al. What childhood obesity prevention programmes work? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2015;16:547–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hodder RK, O’Brien KM, Lorien S, Wolfenden L, Moore THM, Hall A, et al. Interventions to prevent obesity in school-aged children 6-18 years: An update of a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis including studies from 2015-2021. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;54:101635.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown T, Moore TH, Hooper L, Gao Y, Zayegh A, Ijaz S, et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;7:Cd001871.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singhal J, Herd C, Adab P, Pallan M. Effectiveness of school-based interventions to prevent obesity among children aged 4 to 12 years old in middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2021;22:e13105.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dórame López NA, Esparza Romero J. Effectiveness of multicomponent lifestyle intervention programs on adiposity indicators in schoolchildren from vulnerable groups: a review article. Nutr Hosp. 2022;39:1122–34.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang M, Ragan BG, Park JH. Issues in outcomes research: an overview of randomization techniques for clinical trials. J Athl Train. 2008;43:215–21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Campbell M, Piaggio G, Elbourne D, Altman D. Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials. BMJ. 2012;345:e5661.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fogg B. A behavior model for persuasive design. In Proc. 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology; 40;1–7, Claremont, California, USA (Association for Computing Machinery 2009).

Glasgow R, Vinson C, Chambers D, Khoury M, Kaplan R, Hunter C. National Institutes of Health approaches to dissemination and implementation science: current and future directions. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:1274–81.

Rodríguez G, Pietrobelli A, Wang Y, Moreno L, Ahrens W, Pigeot I. Methodological aspects for childhood and adolescence obesity epidemiology. 2011. vol 2. pp. 21–40.

de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:660–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sardinha LB, Santos R, Vale S, Coelho e Silva MJ, Raimundo AM, Moreira H, et al. Waist circumference percentiles for Portuguese children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 years. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171:499–505.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Santos S, Severo M, Lopes C, Oliveira A. Anthropometric indices based on waist circumference as measures of adiposity in children. Obesity. 2018;26:810–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freitas AI, Moreira C, Santos AC. Time trends in prevalence and incidence rates of childhood overweight and obesity in Portugal: Generation XXI birth cohort. Int J Obes. 2019;43:424–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Spiga F, Davies AL, Tomlinson E, Moore TH, Dawson S, Breheny K, et al. Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;5:Cd015328.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kolsgaard ML, Joner G, Brunborg C, Anderssen SA, Tonstad S, Andersen LF. Reduction in BMI z-score and improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents. The Oslo Adiposity Intervention Study - a hospital/public health nurse combined treatment. BMC Pediatr. 2011;11:47.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dabas A, Seth A. Prevention and management of childhood obesity. Indian J Pediatr. 2018;85:546–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smit MS, Boelens M, Mölenberg FJM, Raat H, Jansen W. The long-term effects of primary school-based obesity prevention interventions in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Obes. 2023;18:e12997.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosário R, Oliveira B, Araújo A, Lopes O, Padrão P, Moreira A, et al. The impact of an intervention taught by trained teachers on childhood overweight. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9:1355–67.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vieira M, Carvalho GS. Costs and benefits of a school-based health intervention in Portugal. Health Promot Int. 2019;34:1141–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jansen W, Borsboom G, Meima A, Zwanenburg EJ, Mackenbach JP, Raat H, et al. Effectiveness of a primary school-based intervention to reduce overweight. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6:e70–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tewari A, Kumar G, Maheshwari A, Tewari V, Tewari J. Comparative evaluation of waist-to-height ratio and BMI in predicting adverse cardiovascular outcome in people with diabetes: a systematic review. Cureus. 2023;15:e38801.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agbaje AO. Waist-circumference-to-height-ratio had better longitudinal agreement with DEXA-measured fat mass than BMI in 7237 children. Pediatr Res. 2024;96:1369–80.

WHO. Integrating the social determinants of health into health workforce education and training. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.