Markus Cornberg: Honoraria for lectures and advisory boards for AbbVie, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, SOBI, Novartis, Spring Bank, Roche, Falk, and Merck (MSD); scientific secretary of the German Liver Foundation and member of the coordinating committee of the Federal Ministry of Health “BIS 2030 – Strategy for the containment of HIV, hepatitis B and C and other sexually transmitted infections,” and member of the Scientific Committee and Governing Board of the EASL from 2017–2020. Dietrich Hüppe: Speaker for AbbVie. Christoph Sarrazin: Honoraria for consulting/speaking for AbbVie, Gilead, and Merck Sharp and Dohme. Francisco Jorquera Plaza: Speaker for AbbVie and Gilead; and advisory board participation for Intercept. Zoe Mariño: Lecture and consultancy fees from AbbVie and Gilead, research grants from AbbVie and Gilead. Brian Conway: Research and grant support from, and participation in advisory boards: AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, GSK, Indivior, Merck, Moderna, Sanofi Pasteur, and ViiV. Lindsay Myles: Consultant: AbbVie and Gilead Sciences; speaker and participation in advisory boards: AbbVie and Gilead Sciences. Alnoor Ramji: Advisory Committees or Review Panels: AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, Intercept, Janssen, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer; grant/research support: AbbVie, Assembly, Galmed, Gilead Sciences, Intercept, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer. Tarik Asselah: Speaker and/or advisory board member and/or investigator for AbbVie, Eiger Biopharmaceutical, Gilead, Janssen, Myr Pharmaceutical, Roche, and Merck. Dominique Larrey: Consultancy fees and/or honoraria from Aegerion, Amryt, and Sanofi. Alessio Aghemo: Grant support by AbbVie and Gilead; Advisory board for Alfasigma, Gilead, Intercept, MSD, Mylan, and Sobi. Massimo Andreoni: Payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, or educational events from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, Janssen Tibotec, ViiV healthcare. Support for attending meetings and/or travel from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, ViiV healthcare. Advisory Board for AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences, Moderna, Pfizer. Antonio Gasbarrini: Consultant for AbbVie, Actial, Alfasigma, Eisai, Gilead, MSD, Sandoz, Sanofi, and Takeda. Pietro Lampertico: Speaker bureau and/or advisory board for Bristol Myers, Squibb, Roche, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD, AbbVie, Arrowhead, Alnylam, Eiger, Myr Pharma, and Janssen. Marcello Persico: Consultant and speaker for AbbVie, Gilead, and MSD. Michal Carmiel: Honorarium fees for consulting and/or participating in speaker bureaus from AbbVie. Abhi Bhagat, Mark Bondin, Isabel Butrymowicz, Yanna Song, Dimitri Semizarov, Sadhana Sonparote, Cynthia Llamas: Employees of AbbVie Inc. USA and may hold stock/options. Armand Abergel, Adriana Ahumada, Gabriel Chodick, Juan Isidro Uriz Otano, Erica Villa, and Clara Weil: Nothing to disclose.

The study protocol was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Each participating clinician signed an agreement attesting to compliance with all rules and regulations regarding the disclosure of patient information. Data were collected through a retrospective review of existing data recorded by the investigator in such a manner that the identity of the patients could not be readily ascertained directly or through identifiers linked to the patients. The investigator did not contact the patients, and the investigator did not re-identify patients. The study was granted an exemption from obtaining informed patient consent and approved by the Veritas Independent Review Board and the Saskatchewan Health Authority and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Boards (HiREB) (Canada), the Institutional Review Board of Maccabi Healthcare Services (Israel), the Department of Medicines for Human Use of the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products (AEMPS) and the Research Ethics Committee from the Medicines Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital (Spain), and the Ethics Committee of the Medical Association of Westphalia-Lippe and the Westphalian Wilhelms University Board (Germany). The study was approved by each of the institutional ethics committees for the sites in Italy. The study protocol was registered in the Health Data Hub and was conducted in accordance with the CNIL methodology of reference MR-004 (France).