Reichlin S. Growth hormone content of pituitaries from rats with hypothalamic lesions. Endocrinology. 1961;69:225–30. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-69-2-225.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schally AV, Steelman SL, Bowers CY. Effect of hypothalamic extracts on release of growth hormone in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1965;119(1):208–12. https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-119-30138.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krulich L, Dhariwal AP, McCann SM. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of purified hypothalamic extracts on growth hormone release from rat pituitary in vitro. Endocrinology. 1968;83(4):783–90. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-83-4-783.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frohman LA, Szabo M. Ectopic production of growth hormone-releasing factor by carcinoid and pancreatic islet tumors associated with acromegaly. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1981;74:259–71.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guillemin R, Brazeau P, Böhlen P, Esch F, Ling N, Wehrenberg WB. Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly. Science. 1982;218(4572):585–7. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6812220.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rivier J, Spiess J, Thorner M, Vale W. Characterization of a growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic islet tumour. Nature. 1982;300(5889):276–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/300276a0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frohman LA, Kineman RD. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and pituitary somatotrope proliferation. Minerva Endocrinol. 2002;27(4):277–85.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kiaris H, Schally AV, Kalofoutis A. Extrapituitary effects of the growth hormone-releasing hormone. Vitam Horm. 2005;70:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(05)70001-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frohman LA, Downs TR, Chomczynski P, Brar A, Kashio Y. Regulation of growth hormone-releasing hormone gene expression and biosynthesis. Yale J Biol Med. 1989;62(5):427–33.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ling N, Esch F, Böhlen P, Brazeau P, Wehrenberg WB, Guillemin R. Isolation, primary structure, and synthesis of human hypothalamic somatocrinin: growth hormone-releasing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984;81(14):4302–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.14.4302.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Posner SF, Vaslet CA, Jurofcik M, Lee A, Seidah NG, Nillni EA. Stepwise posttranslational processing of progrowth hormone-releasing hormone (proGHRH) polypeptide by furin and PC1. Endocrine. 2004;23(2–3):199–213. https://doi.org/10.1385/ENDO:23:2-3:199.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou F, Zhang H, Cong Z, Zhao LH, Zhou Q, Mao C, Cheng X, Shen DD, Cai X, Ma C, Wang Y, Dai A, Zhou Y, Sun W, Zhao F, Zhao S, Jiang H, Jiang Y, Yang D, Eric XuH, Zhang Y, Wang MW. Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5205. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18945-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pezzolo A, Gimelli G, Sposito M, Giussani U, Rossi E, Zuffardi O. Definitive assignment of the growth hormone-releasing factor gene to 20q11.2. Hum Genet. 1994;93:213–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00210616.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mutsuga N, Iwasaki Y, Morishita M, Nomura A, Yamamori E, Yoshida M, Asai M, Ozaki N, Kambe F, Seo H, Oiso Y, Saito H. Homeobox protein Gsh-1- dependent regulator of the rat GHRH gene promoter. Mol Endocrinol. 2001;15:2149–56. https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.15.12.0747.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barabutis N, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone: extrapituitary effects in physiology and pathology. Cell Cycle. 2010;9:4110–6. https://doi.org/10.4161/cc.9.20.13787.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frohman LA, Nernardis LL, Kant KJ. Hypothalamic stimulation of growth hormone secretion. Science. 1968;162:580–2. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3853.580.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bagnato A, Moretti C, Ohnishi J, Frajese G, Catt KJ. Expression of the growth hormone-releasing hormone gene and its peptide product in the rat ovary. Endocrinology. 1992;130(3):1097–102. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.130.3.1537276.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry SA, Srivastava CH, Rubin LR, Phipps WR, Pescovitz OH. Growth hormone-releasing hormone-like messenger ribonucleic acid and immunoreactive peptide are present in human testis and placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75(1):281–4. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.75.1.1619020.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bosman FT, de la Riviere AB, Giard RW, Verhofstad AA, Cramer-Knijnenburg G. Amine and peptide hormone production by lung carcinoid: a clinicopathological and immunocytochemical study. J Clin Pathol. 1984;37(8):931–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.37.8.931.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khorram O, Garthwaite M, Grosen E, Golos T. Human uterine and ovarian expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone messenger RNA in benign and malignant gynecologic conditions. Fertil Steril. 2001;75:174–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01658-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moretti C, Mencacci C, Frajese GV, Cerilli M, Frajese G. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the reproductive system. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2002;13:428–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-2760(02)00632-X.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ciampani T, Fabbri A, Isidori A, Dufau ML. Growthhormone-releasing hormone is produced by rat Leydigcell in culture and acts as a positive regulator of Leydigcell function. Endocrinology. 1992;131:2785–92. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.131.6.1332849.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsubara S, Sato M, Mizobuchi M, Niimi M, Takahara J. Differential gene expression of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GRH) and GRHreceptor in various rat tissues. Endocrinology. 1995;136:4147–50. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.136.9.7649123.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kiaris H, Koutsilieris M, Kalofoutis A, Schally AV. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and extrapituitary tumorigenesis: therapeutic and diagnostic applica-tions of growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonists. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2003;12:1385–94. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.12.8.1385.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mayo KE, Miller TL, DeAlmeida V, Zheng J, Godfrey PA. The growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor: signal transduction, gene expression, and physiological function in growth regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996;805:184–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb17483.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shibasaki T, Kiyosawa Y, Masuda A, Nakahara M, Imaki T, Wakabayashi I, Demura H, Shizume K, Ling N. Distribution of growth hormone-releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity in human tissue extracts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1984;59(2):263–8. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-59-2-263.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stephanou A, Knight RA, Lightman SL. Production of a growth hormone-releasing hormone-like peptide and its mRNA by human lymphocytes. Neuroendocrinology. 1991;53(6):628–33.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu HM, Schally AV, Cheng JC, Zarandi M, Varga J, Leung PC. Growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonist induces apoptosis of human endometrial cancer cells through PKCδ-mediated activation of p53/p21. Cancer Lett. 2010;298(1):16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2010.05.022.

Article