Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:1097–106.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anstey KJ, von Sanden C, Sargent-Cox K, Luszcz MA. Prevalence and risk factors for depression in a longitudinal, population-based study including individuals in the community and residential care. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15:497–505. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31802e21d8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Penninx BW, Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, van Tilburg W. [Effects of depression on physical health and mortality in the elderly. Longitudinal results of the LASA research]. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr. 2000;31:211–8.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lyness JM, Kim J, Tang W, Tu X, Conwell Y, King DA, et al. The clinical significance of subsyndromal depression in older primary care patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15:214–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000235763.50230.83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sneed JR, Kasen S, Cohen P. Early-life risk factors for late-onset depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22:663–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1727.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diniz BS, Butters MA, Albert SM, Dew MA, Reynolds CF. Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;202:329–35. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118307.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aziz R, Steffens DC. What are the causes of late-life depression? Psychiatric Clinics of N Am. 2013;36:497–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kales HC, Maixner DF, Mellow AM. Cerebrovascular disease and late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13:88–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200502000-00002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byers AL, Yaffe K. Depression and risk of developing dementia. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7:323–31. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2011.60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Panza F, Frisardi V, Capurso C, D’Introno A, Colacicco AM, Imbimbo BP, et al. Late-life depression, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia: possible continuum? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18:98–116. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181b0fa13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andreescu C, Butters MA, Begley A, Rajji T, Wu M, Meltzer CC, et al. Gray matter changes in late life depression–a structural MRI analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33:2566–72. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301655.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Egger K, Schocke M, Weiss E, Auffinger S, Esterhammer R, Goebel G, et al. Pattern of brain atrophy in elderly patients with depression revealed by voxel-based morphometry. Psychiatry Res. 2008;164:237–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.12.018.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor WD, Macfall JR, Payne ME, McQuoid DR, Steffens DC, Provenzale JM, et al. Orbitofrontal cortex volume in late life depression: influence of hyperintense lesions and genetic polymorphisms. Psychol Med. 2007;37:1763–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707000128.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lavretsky H, Roybal DJ, Ballmaier M, Toga AW, Kumar A. Antidepressant exposure may protect against decrement in frontal gray matter volumes in geriatric depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:964–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ballmaier M, Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Kumar A, Narr KL, Lavretsky H, et al. Mapping brain size and cortical gray matter changes in elderly depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55:382–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.09.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Almeida OP, Burton EJ, Ferrier N, McKeith IG, O’Brien JT. Depression with late onset is associated with right frontal lobe atrophy. Psychol Med. 2003;33:675–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Avedisova AS, Samotaeva IS, Luzin RV, Semenovyh NS, Sergunova KA, Akzhigitov RG, et al. [Apathy in depression: a morphometric analysis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2019;119:141–7. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro2019119051141.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor WD, Steffens DC, Payne ME, MacFall JR, Marchuk DA, Svenson IK, et al. Influence of serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphisms on hippocampal volumes in late-life depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:537–44. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.537.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sheline YI, Sanghavi M, Mintun MA, Gado MH. Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression. J Neurosci. 1999;19:5034–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Steffens DC, McQuoid DR, Payne ME, Potter GG. Change in hippocampal volume on magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive decline among older depressed and nondepressed subjects in the neurocognitive outcomes of depression in the elderly study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;19:4–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181d6c245.

Ballmaier M, Narr KL, Toga AW, Elderkin-Thompson V, Thompson PM, Hamilton L, et al. Hippocampal morphology and distinguishing late-onset from early-onset elderly depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:229–37. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030506.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Winter FL, Emsell L, Bouckaert F, Claes L, Jain S, Farrar G, et al. No association of lower hippocampal volume with Alzheimer’s disease pathology in late-life depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174:237–45. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030319.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith GS, Kramer E, Ma Y, Kingsley P, Dhawan V, Chaly T, et al. The functional neuroanatomy of geriatric depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;24:798–808. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2185.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mackin RS, Tosun D, Mueller SG, Lee JY, Insel P, Schuff N, et al. Patterns of reduced cortical thickness in late-life depression and relationship to psychotherapeutic response. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013;21;794–802.

Oh H, Madison C, Villeneuve S, Markley C, Jagust WJ. Association of gray matter atrophy with age, beta-amyloid, and cognition in aging. Cerebral Cortex. 2014;24:1609–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bht017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kawas CH, Greenia DE, Bullain SS, Clark CM, Pontecorvo MJ, Joshi AD, et al. Amyloid imaging and cognitive decline in nondemented oldest-old: the 90+ Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9:199–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.06.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Villemagne VL, Burnham S, Bourgeat P, Brown B, Ellis KA, Salvado O, et al. Amyloid beta deposition, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:357–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70044-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Insel PS, Donohue MC, Berron D, Hansson O, Mattsson-Carlgren N. Time between milestone events in the Alzheimer’s disease amyloid cascade. Neuroimage. 2021;227:117676 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117676.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Okello A, Koivunen J, Edison P, Archer HA, Turkheimer FE, Någren K, et al. Conversion of amyloid positive and negative MCI to AD over 3 years: an 11C-PIB PET study. Neurology. 2009;73:754–60. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b23564.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chételat G, Villemagne VL, Bourgeat P, Pike KE, Jones G, Ames D, et al. Relationship between atrophy and β-amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 2010;67:317–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21955.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koivunen J, Scheinin N, Virta JR, Aalto S, Vahlberg T, Någren K, et al. Amyloid PET imaging in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2011;76:1085 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318212015e.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

I