Jenkins MK, Pardoll DM, Mizuguchi J, Chused TM, Schwartz RH (1987) Molecular events in the induction of a nonresponsive state in interleukin 2-producing helper T-lymphocyte clones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84(15):5409–5413. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.84.15.5409

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schwartz RH (1989) Acquisition of immunologic self-tolerance. Cell 57(7):1073–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(89)90044-5

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eynon EE, Parker DC (1992) Small B cells as antigen-presenting cells in the induction of tolerance to soluble protein antigens. J Exp Med 175(1):131–138

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gonnella PA, Waldner HP, Weiner HL (2001) B cell-deficient (mu MT) mice have alterations in the cytokine microenvironment of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and a defect in the low dose mechanism of oral tolerance. J Immunol 166(7):4456–4464

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tsitoura DC, Yeung VP, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT (2002) Critical role of B cells in the development of T cell tolerance to aeroallergens. Int Immunol 14(6):659–667

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Weber MS, Prod’homme T, Patarroyo JC, Molnarfi N, Karnezis T, Lehmann-Horn K et al (2010) B-cell activation influences T-cell polarization and outcome of anti-CD20 B-cell depletion in central nervous system autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 68(3):369–383. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22081

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lund FE, Randall TD (2010) Effector and regulatory B cells: modulators of CD4+ T cell immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 10(4):236–247. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2729

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mizoguchi A, Bhan AK (2006) A case for regulatory B cells. J Immunol 176(2):705–710

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E, Takedatsu H, Blumberg RS, Bhan AK (2002) Chronic intestinal inflammatory condition generates IL-10-producing regulatory B cell subset characterized by CD1d upregulation. Immunity 16(2):219–230

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bouaziz JD, Yanaba K, Tedder TF (2008) Regulatory B cells as inhibitors of immune responses and inflammation. Immunol Rev 224:201–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00661.x

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Haas KM, Poe JC, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF (2008) A regulatory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype controls T cell-dependent inflammatory responses. Immunity 28(5):639–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.017

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mann MK, Maresz K, Shriver LP, Tan Y, Dittel BN (2007) B cell regulation of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells and IL-10 via B7 is essential for recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 178(6):3447–3456. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3447

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sun JB, Flach CF, Czerkinsky C, Holmgren J (2008) B lymphocytes promote expansion of regulatory T cells in oral tolerance: powerful induction by antigen coupled to cholera toxin B subunit. J Immunol 181(12):8278–8287

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Singh A, Carson WFt, Secor ER Jr, Guernsey LA, Flavell RA, Clark RB et al (2008) Regulatory role of B cells in a murine model of allergic airway disease. J Immunol. 180(11):7318–26

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ray A, Basu S, Williams CB, Salzman NH, Dittel BN (2012) A novel IL-10-independent regulatory role for B cells in suppressing autoimmunity by maintenance of regulatory T cells via GITR ligand. J Immunol 188(7):3188–3198. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1103354

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chu KH, Chiang BL (2012) Regulatory T cells induced by mucosal B cells alleviate allergic airway hypersensitivity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 46(5):651–659

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chu K-H, Chiang B-L (2015) Characterization and functional studies of forkhead box protein 3− lymphocyte activation gene 3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells induced by mucosal B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 180(2):316–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12583

Shao T-Y, Hsu L-H, Chien C-H, Chiang B-L (2016) Novel Foxp3− IL-10− regulatory T-cells induced by B-cells alleviate intestinal inflammation in vivo. Sci Rep 6:32415. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32415

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen S-Y, Hsu W-T, Chen Y-L, Chien C-H, Chiang B-L (2016) Lymphocyte-activation gene 3+ (LAG3+) forkhead box protein 3− (FOXP3−) regulatory T cells induced by B cells alleviates joint inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis. J Autoimmun 68:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2016.02.002

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chien C-H, Yu H-C, Chen S-Y, Chiang B-L (2017) Characterization of c-Maf+Foxp3− regulatory T cells induced by repeated stimulation of antigen-presenting B cells. Sci Rep 7(1):46348. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46348

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang J-H, Chiang B-L. Regulatory T cells induced by B cells suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation and alleviate monosodium urate-induced gouty inflammation. iScience. 2021;24(2):102103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102103.

Huang J-H, Lin Y-L, Wang L-C, Chiang B-L (2023) M2-like macrophages polarized by Foxp3− Treg-of-B cells ameliorate imiquimod-induced psoriasis. J Cell Mol Med 27(11):1477–1492. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17748

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yu SY (2007) Study on the gene mediating oral tolerance in a murine model of allergic asthma. National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Oral Biology. Taipei

Google Scholar 

Chu K-H, Lin S-Y, Chiang B-L. STAT6 pathway is critical for the induction and function of regulatory T cells induced by mucosal B cells. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.615868.

Chien CH, Yu HH, Chiang BL (2015) Single allergen-induced oral tolerance inhibits airway inflammation in conjugated allergen immunized mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 136(4):1110-3e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.018

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Reichardt P, Dornbach B, Rong S, Beissert S, Gueler F, Loser K et al (2007) Naive B cells generate regulatory T cells in the presence of a mature immunologic synapse. Blood 110(5):1519–1529

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen Y-L, Chen S-Y, Chuang Y-H, Chiang B-L (2023) Attenuation of the severity and changes in the microbiota in an animal model of primary biliary cholangitis by FOXP3− regulatory T cells. Clinical and Translational Discovery 3(2):e187. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctd2.187

Article  Google Scholar 

Chien CH, Liao CH, Chiang BL (2024) Protocol for in vitro induction and characterization of murine B cell-induced CD4(+) regulatory T cells. STAR Protoc 5(2):103136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103136

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chu KH, Chiang BL (2024) CD200R activation on naive T cells by B cells induces suppressive activity of T cells via IL-24. Cell Mol Life Sci 81(1):231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-024-05268-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hsu P, Santner-Nanan B, Hu M, Skarratt K, Lee CH, Stormon M et al (2015) IL-10 potentiates differentiation of human induced regulatory T cells via STAT3 and Foxo1. J Immunol 195(8):3665–3674. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1402898

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hsu L-H, Li K-P, Chu K-H, Chiang B-L (2015) A B-1a cell subset induces Foxp3(-) T cells with regulatory activity through an IL-10-independent pathway. Cell Mol Immunol 12(3):354–365. https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2014.56