Liu Q, He H, Yang J, Feng X, Zhao F, Lyu J. <ArticleTitle Language=“En”>Changes in the global burden of depression from 1990 to 2017: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;126:134–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herrman H, Patel V, Kieling C, Berk M, Buchweitz C, Cuijpers P, Furukawa TA, Kessler RC, Kohrt BA, Maj M, et al. Time for united action on depression: a Lancet-World Psychiatric Association Commission. Lancet. 2022;399(10328):957–1022.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenberg PE, Fournier AA, Sisitsky T, Simes M, Berman R, Koenigsberg SH, Kessler RC. The Economic Burden of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder in the United States (2010 and 2018). PharmacoEconomics. 2021;39(6):653–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bremner JD, Moazzami K, Wittbrodt MT, Nye JA, Lima BB, Gillespie CF, Rapaport MH, Pearce BD, Shah AJ, Vaccarino V. Diet, Stress and Mental Health. Nutrients 2020, 12(8).

AlFaris NA, Alshwaiyat NM, Alkhalidy H, Alagal RI, AlTamimi JZ, AlKehayez NM. Breakfast Skipping in a Multi-Ethnic Population of Middle-Aged Men and Relationship With Sociodemographic Variables and Weight Status. Front Nutr. 2021;8:761383.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ren Z, Cao J, Cheng P, Shi D, Cao B, Yang G, Liang S, Du F, Su N, Yu M et al. Association between Breakfast Consumption and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese College Students: A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Cohort Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020, 17(5).

Lee YS, Kim TH. Household food insecurity and breakfast skipping: Their association with depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2019;271:83–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zahedi H, Djalalinia S, Sadeghi O, Zare Garizi F, Asayesh H, Payab M, Zarei M, Qorbani M. Breakfast consumption and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Neurosci. 2022;25(6):1250–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Margolis KG, Cryan JF, Mayer EA. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: From Motility to Mood. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(5):1486–501.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cryan JF, O’Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, Codagnone MG, Cussotto S, Fulling C, Golubeva AV, et al. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877–2013.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Socała K, Doboszewska U, Szopa A, Serefko A, Włodarczyk M, Zielińska A, Poleszak E, Fichna J, Wlaź P. The role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res. 2021;172:105840.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu L, Huh JR, Shah K. Microbiota and the gut-brain-axis: Implications for new therapeutic design in the CNS. EBioMedicine. 2022;77:103908.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

McGuinness AJ, Davis JA, Dawson SL, Loughman A, Collier F, O’Hely M, Simpson CA, Green J, Marx W, Hair C, et al. A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(4):1920–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen M, Xie CR, Shi YZ, Tang TC, Zheng H. Gut microbiota and major depressive disorder: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization. J Affect Disord. 2022;316:187–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amin N, Liu J, Bonnechere B, MahmoudianDehkordi S, Arnold M, Batra R, Chiou YJ, Fernandes M, Ikram MA, Kraaij R, et al. Interplay of Metabolome and Gut Microbiome in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder vs Control Individuals. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80(6):597–609.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foster JA, Baker GB, Dursun SM. The Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome-Immune System-Brain Axis and Major Depressive Disorder. Front Neurol. 2021;12:721126.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, Xu J, Chen Y. Regulation of Neurotransmitters by the Gut Microbiota and Effects on Cognition in Neurological Disorders. Nutrients 2021, 13(6).

Sanderson E, Glymour MM, Holmes MV, Kang H, Morrison J, Munafò MR, et al. Mendelian randomization. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2022;2:6.

Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf BAR, Yarmolinsky J, Davies NM, Swanson SA, VanderWeele TJ, Higgins JPT, Timpson NJ, Dimou N, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Using Mendelian Randomization: The STROBE-MR Statement. JAMA. 2021;326(16):1614–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf BAR, Davies NM, Swanson SA, VanderWeele TJ, Timpson NJ, Higgins JPT, Dimou N, Langenberg C, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using mendelian randomisation (STROBE-MR): explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2021;375:n2233.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dashti HS, Merino J, Lane JM, Song Y, Smith CE, Tanaka T, McKeown NM, Tucker C, Sun D, Bartz TM, et al. Genome-wide association study of breakfast skipping links clock regulation with food timing. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;110(2):473–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meng X, Navoly G, Giannakopoulou O, Levey DF, Koller D, Pathak GA, Koen N, Lin K, Adams MJ, Rentería ME, et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of major depression aids locus discovery, fine mapping, gene prioritization and causal inference. Nat Genet. 2024;56(2):222–33.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kurilshikov A, Medina-Gomez C, Bacigalupe R, Radjabzadeh D, Wang J, Demirkan A, Le Roy CI, Raygoza Garay JA, Finnicum CT, Liu X, et al. Large-scale association analyses identify host factors influencing human gut microbiome composition. Nat Genet. 2021;53(2):156–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guo X, Tang P, Hou C, Li R. Mendelian randomization investigation highlights different roles of selenium status in mental disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2023;122:110694.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Labrecque JA. Mendelian randomization with a binary exposure variable: interpretation and presentation of causal estimates. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(10):947–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-Egger method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):377–89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Davies NM, Thompson SG. Bias due to participant overlap in two-sample Mendelian randomization. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40(7):597–608.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Davey Smith G, Davies NM, Dudbridge F, Gill D, Glymour MM, Hartwig FP, Kutalik Z, Holmes MV, Minelli C, et al. Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations: update for summer 2023. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4:186.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu X, Zhao J, Lin Z, Wang Y, Peng H, Zhao H, Wan X, Yang C. Mendelian randomization for causal inference accounting for pleiotropy and sample structure using genome-wide summary statistics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(28):e2106858119.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, Wade KH, Haberland V, Baird D, et al. The MR-base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. Elife. 2018;7:e34408.

Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Skipping Breakfast and Its Association with Health Risk Behaviour and Mental Health Among University Students in 28 Countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:2889–97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu BP, Fang HJ, Jia CX. The Serial Mediation of the Association between Breakfast Skipping and Suicidality by Weight Status and Depressive Symptoms: Findings from the National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys of the United States. Nutrients 2022, 14(5).

Miki T, Eguchi M, Kuwahara K, Kochi T, Akter S, Kashino I, Hu H, Kurotani K, Kabe I, Kawakami N, et al. Breakfast consumption and the risk of depressive symptoms: The Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study. Psychiatry Res. 2019;273:551–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson JE, Blizzard L, Gall SL, Magnussen CG, Oddy WH, Dwyer T, Sanderson K, Venn AJ, Smith KJ. An eating pattern characterised by skipped or delayed breakfast is associated with mood disorders among an Australian adult cohort. Psychol Med. 2020;50(16):2711–21.

Article  PubMed