Ronnenberg, H. W. in The Dynamics of the International Brewing Industry Since 1800 (eds Gourvish, T. & Wilson, R. G.) 176–192 (Routledge, 1998).

IWSR. Key statistics: the no-alcohol and low-alcohol market. IWSR https://www.theiwsr.com/key-statistics-the-no-alcohol-and-low-alcohol-market/ (2023).

Corfe, S., Hyde, R. & Shepherd, J. Alcohol-free and low-strength drinks: understanding their role in reducing alcohol-related harms. Social Market Foundation https://www.smf.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/NoLo-drinks-and-alcohol-related-harms-Sept-2020.pdf (2020).

Rehm, J., Rovira, P., Manthey, J. & Anderson, P. Reduction of alcoholic strength: does it matter for public health? Nutrients 15, 910 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nicholls, E. Help or harm? Exploring the expanding ‘No and Low’ alcohol market in the UK. Institute of Alcohol Studies https://www.ias.org.uk/2022/03/22/help-or-harm-exploring-the-expanding-no-and-low-alcohol-market-in-the-uk/ (2022).

Piper, R. & Leyshon, M. Do alcohol-free drinks help heavy drinkers cut their drinking? Alcohol Change UK https://alcoholchange.org.uk/publication/do-alcohol-free-drinks-help-heavy-drinkers-cut-their-drinking (2023).

Yoshimoto, H., Kawaida, K., Dobashi, S., Saito, G. & Owaki, Y. Effect of provision of non-alcoholic beverages on alcohol consumption: a randomized controlled study. BMC Med. 21, 379 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Long, C. G. & Cohen, E. M. Low alcohol beers and wines: attitudes of problem drinkers to their use and their effect on craving. Br. J. Addict. 84, 777–783 (1989).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Filbey, F. M. et al. Exposure to the taste of alcohol elicits activation of the mesocorticolimbic neurocircuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 1391–1401 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Altamirano, J. et al. Predictive factors of abstinence in patients undergoing liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Ann. Hepatol. 11, 213–221 (2012).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chuncharunee, L., Yamashiki, N., Thakkinstian, A. & Sobhonslidsuk, A. Alcohol relapse and its predictors after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol. 19, 150 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lim, J. & Sundaram, V. Risk factors, scoring systems, and interventions for alcohol relapse after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Clin. Liver Dis. 11, 105–110 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

Thierauf, A. et al. Urine tested positive for ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate after the consumption of “non-alcoholic” beer. Forensic Sci. Int. 202, 82–85 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. A public health perspective on zero- and low-alcohol beverages. World Health Organization https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240072152 (2023).