Wang JT, Peyton J, Hernandez MR. Anesthesia for pediatric rigid bronchoscopy and related airway surgery: tips and tricks. Pediatr Anesth 2022; 32: 302–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14360

Article  Google Scholar 

Chaddha U, Murgu S. Complications of rigid bronchoscopy. Respirology 2021; 26: 14–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.13917

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaunt A, Jaggar SI, Morgan C. End-tidal capnography in rigid bronchoscopy. Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 1039–40. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.00114.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dobson G, Chau A, Denomme J, et al. Guidelines to the Practice of Anesthesia—Revised Edition 2024. Can J Anesth 2024; 71: 8–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12630-023-02675-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mukhopadhyay S, Maurer R, Puopolo KM. Neonatal transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring—effect on clinical management and outcomes. Respir Care 2016; 61: 90–7. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.04212

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tobias JD. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring in infants and children. Pediatr Anesth 2009; 19: 434–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.02930.x

Article  Google Scholar 

Berkenbosch JW, Lam J, Burd RS, Tobias JD. Noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide during mechanical ventilation in older children: end-tidal versus transcutaneous techniques. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 1427–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200106000-00015

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee HJ, Woo JH, Cho S, Moon S, Sung SW. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring more accurately detects hypercapnia than end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during non-intubated video-assisted thoracic surgery: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Med 2023; 12: 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041706

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang W, Zhao Z, Tian X, Ma X, Xu L, Shang G. Noninvasive carbon dioxide monitoring in pediatric patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: transcutaneous vs. end-tidal techniques. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23: 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-03836-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yavuz S, Sherif A, Saif S, et al. Indications, efficacy, and complications of pediatric bronchoscopy: a retrospective study at a tertiary center. Cureus 2023; 15: e40888. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40888

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ho-Wo-Cheong D, Mijovic T, Manoukian JJ, Bergeron M, Nguyen LH. Synchronous airway lesions in children: an analysis of characteristics and comorbidities. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78: 1586–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.06.028

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bigatello L, Pesenti A. Respiratory physiology for the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology 2019; 130: 1064–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002666

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wong SK, Chim M, Allen J, et al. Carbon dioxide levels in neonates: what are safe parameters? Pediatr Res 2022; 91: 1049–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01473-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sayers JA, Smith RE, Holland RL, Keatinge WR. Effects of carbon dioxide on mental performance. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1987; 63: 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.1.25

Article  Google Scholar 

Misal US, Joshi SA, Shaikh MM. Delayed recovery from anesthesia: a postgraduate educational review. Anesth Essays Res 2016; 10: 164–72. https://doi.org/10.4103/0259-1162.165506

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cascella M, Bimonte S, Di Napoli R. Delayed emergence from anesthesia: what we know and how we act. Local Reg Anesth 2020; 13: 195–206. https://doi.org/10.2147/lra.s230728

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tobias JD, Wilson WR Jr, Meyer DJ. Transcutaneous monitoring of carbon dioxide tension after cardiothoracic surgery in infants and children. Anesth Analg 1999; 88: 531–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199903000-00012

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tobias JD, Meyer DJ. Noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide during respiratory failure in toddlers and infants: end-tidal versus transcutaneous carbon dioxide. Anesth Analg 1997; 85: 55–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199707000-00010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Almanza-Hurtado A, Polanco Guerra C, Martínez-Ávila MC, Borré-Naranjo D, Rodríguez-Yanez T, Dueñas-Castell C. Hypercapnia from physiology to practice. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022: 2635616. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2635616

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilson J, Russo P, Russo J, Tobias JD. Noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide in infants and children with congenital heart disease: end-tidal versus transcutaneous techniques. J Intensive Care Med 2005; 20: 291–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066605278652

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bendjelid K, Schütz N, Stotz M, Gerard I, Suter PM, Romand JA. Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring in critically ill adults: clinical evaluation of a new sensor. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 2203–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000181734.26070.26

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruben DR, Keith RH, Leonard W, Richard W. AARC clinical practice guideline: transcutaneous monitoring of carbon dioxide and oxygen: 2012. Respir Care 2012; 57: 1955–62. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.02011

Article  Google Scholar 

Drechsler M, Morris J. Carbon Dioxide Narcosis. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

Google Scholar 

Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform 2009; 42: 377–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software partners. J Biomed Inform 2019; 95: 103208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sadot E, Gut G, Sivan Y. Alveolar ventilation in children during flexible bronchoscopy. Pediatr Pulmonol 2016; 51: 1177–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23427

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karagiannidis C, Merten ML, Heunks L, et al. Respiratory acidosis during bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy: impact of ventilator settings and endotracheal tube size. BMC Anesthesiol 2019; 19: 147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-019-0824-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Petran J, Ansems K, Rossaint R, et al. Effects of hypercapnia versus normocapnia during general anesthesia on outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Anesthesiol 2022; 72: 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2020.11.010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li P, Jiang G, Li Q. The risks of postoperative complications and prolonged hospital stay in children receiving bronchoscopy. J Pediatr Surg 2020; 55: 1309–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.05.014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murgu S, Laxmanan B, Stoy S, et al. Evaluation of safety and short-term outcomes of therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy using total intravenous anesthesia and spontaneous assisted ventilation. Respiration 2019; 99: 239–47. https://doi.org/10.1159/000504679

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shaikh N, Tripathi S, Whelan A, Ford J, Kim M, Deshpande G. Association of transcutaneous CO2 with respiratory support: a prospective double blind observational study in children with bronchiolitis and reactive airway disease. J Clin Monit Comput 2022; 36: 809–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-021-00712-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schweizer T, Hartwich V, Riva T, et al. Limitations of transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring in apneic oxygenation. PLoS ONE 2023; 18: e0286038. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286038

Article  PubMed