Bagatin E, Goncalves HS, Sato M, Almeida LMC, Miot HA. Comparable efficacy of adapalene 0.3% gel and tretinoin 0.05% cream as treatment for cutaneous photoaging. Eur J Dermatol. 2018;28(3):343–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fisher GJ, Wang ZQ, Datta SC, Varani J, Kang S, Voorhees JJ. Pathophysiology of premature skin aging induced by ultraviolet light. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(20):1419–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDaniel DH, Mazur C, Wortzman MS, Nelson DB. Efficacy and tolerability of a double-conjugated retinoid cream vs 1.0% retinol cream or 0.025% tretinoin cream in subjects with mild to severe photoaging. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;16(4):542–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang AH, Chien AL. Photoaging: a review of current literature. Curr Dermatol Rep. 2020;9(1):22–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ascenso A, Ribeiro H, Marques HC, Oliveira H, Santos C, Simões S. Is tretinoin still a key agent for photoaging management? Mini Rev Med Chem. 2014;14(8):629–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campione E, Cosio T, Lanna C, Mazzilli S, Dika E, Bianchi L. Clinical efficacy and reflectance confocal microscopy monitoring in moderate-severe skin aging treated with a polyvinyl gel containing retinoic and glycolic acid: an assessor-blinded 1-month study proof-of-concept trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021;20(1):310–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sitohang IBS, Makes WI, Sandora N, Suryanegara J. Topical tretinoin for treating photoaging: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2022;8(1): e003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Griffiths CEM, Goldfarb MT, Finkel LJ, Roulia V, Bonawitz M, Hamilton TA, et al. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) treatment of hyperpigmented lesions associated with photoaging in Chinese and Japanese patients: a vehicle-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30(1):76–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mukherjee S, Date A, Patravale V, Korting HC, Roeder A, Weindl G. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Clin Interv Aging. 2006;1(4):327–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zasada M, Budzisz E. Retinoids: active molecules influencing skin structure formation in cosmetic and dermatological treatments. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2019;36(4):392–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Uchida G, Yoshimura K, Kitano Y, Okazaki M, Harii K. Tretinoin reverses upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in human keloid-derived fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol. 2003;12(Suppl 2):35–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lucero MJ, Vigo J, León MJ. Stability of hydrophilic gels of tretinoin. Int J Pharm. 1994;110(3):241–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Campione E, Cosio T, Lanna C, Mazzilli S, Ventura A, Dika E, et al. Predictive role of vitamin A serum concentration in psoriatic patients treated with IL-17 inhibitors to prevent skin and systemic fungal infections. J Pharmacol Sci. 2020;144(1):52–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ellis CN, Weiss JS, Hamilton TA, Headington JT, Zelickson AS, Voorhees JJ. Sustained improvement with prolonged topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) for photoaged skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23(4 Pt 1):629–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rathi SK. Acne vulgaris treatment : the current scenario. Indian J Dermatol. 2011;56(1):7–13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Griffiths CE, Kang S, Ellis CN, Kim KJ, Finkel LJ, Ortiz-Ferrer LC, et al. Two concentrations of topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) cause similar improvement of photoaging but different degrees of irritation. A double-blind, vehicle-controlled comparison of 0.1% and 0.025% tretinoin creams. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131(9):1037–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naik PP. Trifarotene: a novel therapeutic option for acne. Dermatol Res Pract. 2022;2022:1504303.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shao Y, He T, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ, Quan T. Molecular basis of retinol anti-ageing properties in naturally aged human skin in vivo. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2017;39(1):56–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Varani J, Warner RL, Gharaee-Kermani M, Phan SH, Kang S, Chung J, et al. Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin1. J Investig Dermatol. 2000;114(3):480–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Draelos Z, Peterson RS. A double-blind, comparative clinical study of newly formulated retinol serums vs tretinoin cream in escalating doses: a method for rapid retinization with minimized irritation. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(6):625–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Draelos ZD. Novel approach to the treatment of hyperpigmented photodamaged skin: 4% hydroquinone/0.3% retinol versus tretinoin 0.05% emollient cream. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(7 Pt 2):799–804.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kligman DE, Draelos ZD. Combination superficial peels with salicylic acid and post-peel Retinoids..pdf. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(4):442–50.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouloc A, Vergnanini AL, Issa MC. A double-blind randomized study comparing the association of Retinol and LR2412 with tretinoin 0.025% in photoaged skin. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015;14(1):40–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goberdhan LT, Pellacani G, Ardigo M, Schneider K, Makino ET, Mehta RC. Assessing changes in facial skin quality using noninvasive in vivo clinical skin imaging techniques after use of a topical retinoid product in subjects with moderate-to-severe photodamage. Skin Res Technol. 2022;28(4):604–13.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chien A, Cheng N, Shin J, Patel M, Hinds G, Zang J, et al. Topical retinol, a precursor to tretinoin, can deliver comparable efficacy to tretinoin in treatment of photoaging. J Investig Dermatol. 2012;132:S93.

Google Scholar 

Babcock M, Mehta RC, Makino ET. A randomized, double-blind, split-face study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of three retinol-based products vs. three tretinoin-based products in subjects with moderate to severe facial photodamage. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(1):24–30.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chien AL, Kim DJ, Cheng N, Shin J, Leung SG, Nelson AM, et al. Biomarkers of tretinoin precursors and tretinoin efficacy in patients with moderate to severe facial photodamage: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2022;158(8):879–86.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ho ET, Trookman NS, Sperber BR, Rizer RL, Spindler R, Sonti S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled comparative trial of the anti-aging properties of non-prescription tri-retinol 1.1% vs. prescription tretinoin 0.025%. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(1):64–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Creidi P, Vienne MP, Ochonisky S, Lauze C, Turlier V, Lagarde JM, et al. Profilometric evaluation of photodamage after topical retinaldehyde and retinoic acid treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39(6):960–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pisetpackdeekul P, Supmuang P, Pan-In P, Banlunara W, Limcharoen B, Kokpol C, et al. Proretinal nanoparticles: stability, release, efficacy, and irritation. Int J Nanomed. 2016;11:3277–86.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fu JJ, Hillebrand GG, Raleigh P, Li J, Marmor MJ, Bertucci V, et al. A randomized, controlled comparative study of the wrinkle reduction benefits of a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162(3):647–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaczvinsky JR, Bertucci V, Fu JJ. Practical application of genomics to the development of a topical cosmetic anti-aging regimen. Skin Ther Lett. 2011;16(7):4