Park, M. D., Silvin, A., Ginhoux, F. & Merad, M. Macrophages in health and disease. Cell 185, 4259–4279 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cox, N., Pokrovskii, M., Vicario, R. & Geissmann, F. Origins, biology, and diseases of tissue macrophages. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 39, 313–344 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Davies, L. C., Jenkins, S. J., Allen, J. E. & Taylor, P. R. Tissue-resident macrophages. Nat. Immunol. 14, 986–995 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wynn, T. A., Chawla, A. & Pollard, J. W. Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease. Nature 496, 445–455 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Panicker, L. M. et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell model recapitulates pathologic hallmarks of Gaucher disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 18054–18059 (2012). This study is one of the early reports of modelling genetic diseases using iPS cell-derived macrophages.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ginhoux, F. et al. Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages. Science 330, 841–845 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoeffel, G. et al. C-Myb+ erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived fetal monocytes give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages. Immunity 42, 665–678 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yona, S. et al. Fate mapping reveals origins and dynamics of monocytes and tissue macrophages under homeostasis. Immunity 38, 79–91 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mass, E. et al. Specification of tissue-resident macrophages during organogenesis. Science 353, aaf4238 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoeffel, G. et al. Adult Langerhans cells derive predominantly from embryonic fetal liver monocytes with a minor contribution of yolk sac-derived macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 209, 1167–1181 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ginhoux, F. & Guilliams, M. Tissue-resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis. Immunity 44, 439–449 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tamoutounour, S. et al. Origins and functional specialization of macrophages and of conventional and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in mouse skin. Immunity 39, 925–938 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bain, C. C. et al. Constant replenishment from circulating monocytes maintains the macrophage pool in the intestine of adult mice. Nat. Immunol. 15, 929–937 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wiktor-Jedrzejczak, W. et al. Total absence of colony-stimulating factor 1 in the macrophage-deficient osteopetrotic (op/op) mouse. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4828–4832 (1990).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martinez, F. O. & Gordon, S. The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment. F1000Prime Rep. 6, 13 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ginhoux, F., Schultze, J. L., Murray, P. J., Ochando, J. & Biswas, S. K. New insights into the multidimensional concept of macrophage ontogeny, activation and function. Nat. Immunol. 17, 34–40 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lavin, Y. et al. Tissue-resident macrophage enhancer landscapes are shaped by the local microenvironment. Cell 159, 1312–1326 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gosselin, D. et al. Environment drives selection and function of enhancers controlling tissue-specific macrophage identities. Cell 159, 1327–1340 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gautier, E. L. et al. Gene-expression profiles and transcriptional regulatory pathways that underlie the identity and diversity of mouse tissue macrophages. Nat. Immunol. 13, 1118–1128 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guilliams, M. & Scott, C. L. Does niche competition determine the origin of tissue-resident macrophages? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 17, 451–460 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takahashi, K. et al. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131, 861–872 (2007). This work is the first report of the generation of human iPS cells from differentiated somatic cells.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu, C., Oikonomopoulos, A., Sayed, N. & Wu, J. C. Modeling human diseases with induced pluripotent stem cells: from 2D to 3D and beyond. Development 145, dev156166 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rowe, R. G. & Daley, G. Q. Induced pluripotent stem cells in disease modelling and drug discovery. Nat. Rev. Genet. 20, 377–388 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee, C. Z. W., Kozaki, T. & Ginhoux, F. Studying tissue macrophages in vitro: are iPSC-derived cells the answer? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 18, 716–725 (2018). This work is one of the first examples to systematically compare different protocols of iMac generation.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lyadova, I., Gerasimova, T. & Nenasheva, T. Macrophages derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells: the diversity of protocols, future prospects, and outstanding questions. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 9, 640703 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lyadova, I. & Vasiliev, A. Macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells: prospective applications and research gaps. Cell Biosci. 12, 96 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hasselmann, J. & Blurton-Jones, M. Human iPSC-derived microglia: a growing toolset to study the brain’s innate immune cells. Glia 68, 721–739 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alsinet, C. et al. Robust temporal map of human in vitro myelopoiesis using single-cell genomics. Nat. Commun. 13, 2885 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takata, K. et al. Induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived primitive macrophages provide a platform for modeling tissue-resident macrophage differentiation and function. Immunity 47, 183–198.e6 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar