Gill, J. & Gorlick, R. Advancing therapy for osteosarcoma. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 18, 609–624 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang, C. et al. Bone microenvironment and osteosarcoma metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 6985 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fletcher, C. D., Unni, K. K., & Mertens, F. (Eds.). (2002). Pathology and genetics of tumours of soft tissue and bone (Vol. 4). Iarc.

Messerschmitt, P. J., Garcia, R. M., Abdul-Karim, F. W., Greenfield, E. M. & Getty, P. J. Osteosarcoma. JAAOS - J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 17, 515–527 (2009).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fox, M. G. & Trotta, B. M. Osteosarcoma: review of the various types with emphasis on recent advancements in imaging. Semin. Musculoskelet. Radio. 17, 123–136 (2013).

Article  Google Scholar 

Smrke, A. et al. Future directions in the treatment of osteosarcoma. Cells 10, 172 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corre, I., Verrecchia, F., Crenn, V., Redini, F. & Trichet, V. The osteosarcoma microenvironment: a complex but targetable ecosystem. Cells 9, 976 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gaspar, N. et al. Recent advances in understanding osteosarcoma and emerging therapies. Faculty Rev. 9, 18 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Cascini, C. & Chiodoni, C. The immune landscape of osteosarcoma: implications for prognosis and treatment response. Cells 10, 1668 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meazza, C. & Scanagatta, P. Metastatic osteosarcoma: a challenging multidisciplinary treatment. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 16, 543–556 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao, X., Wang, W. & Wang, Z. The role of chemotherapy for metastatic, relapsed and refractory osteosarcoma. Paediatr. Drugs 16, 503–512 (2014).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu, Z. et al. Current status and prospects of targeted therapy for osteosarcoma. Cells 11, 3507 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Supra, R. & Agrawal, D. K. Immunotherapeutic strategies in the management of osteosarcoma. J. Orthop. Sports Med. 5, 32–40 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yahiro, K. & Matsumoto, Y. Immunotherapy for osteosarcoma. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 17, 1294–1295 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park, J. A. & Cheung, N. V. Promise and challenges of T cell immunotherapy for osteosarcoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 12520 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nirala, B. K., Yamamichi, T., Petrescu, D. I., Shafin, T. N. & Yustein, J. T. Decoding the impact of tumor microenvironment in osteosarcoma progression and metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 15, 5108 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu, T. et al. Immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma: components, therapeutic strategies and clinical applications. Front. Immunol. 13, 907550 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tian, H. et al. Managing the immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma: the outlook for osteosarcoma treatment. Bone Res. 11, 11 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo, J. et al. Single-cell profiling of tumor microenvironment heterogeneity in osteosarcoma identifies a highly invasive subcluster for predicting prognosis. Front. Oncol. 12, 732862 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang, R. et al. Combining bulk RNA-sequencing and single-cell RNA-sequencing data to reveal the immune microenvironment and metabolic pattern of osteosarcoma. Front. Genet. 13, 976990 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang, X., Wang, L., Guo, H., Zhang, W. & Shao, Z. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the regulative roles of cancer associated fibroblasts in tumor immune microenvironment of recurrent osteosarcoma. Theranostics 12, 5877–5887 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu, Y. et al. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the complexity of the tumor microenvironment of treatment-naive osteosarcoma. Front. Oncol. 11, 709210 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu, W. et al. Characterizing the tumor microenvironment at the single-cell level reveals a novel immune evasion mechanism in osteosarcoma. Bone Res. 11, 4 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thomas, D. D., Lacinski, R. A. & Lindsey, B. A. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals intratumoral heterogeneity in osteosarcoma patients: a review. J. Bone Oncol. 39, 100475 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhong, C. et al. Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing reveals Anoikis related genes to guide prognosis and immunotherapy in osteosarcoma. Sci. Rep. 13, 20203 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou, Y. et al. Single-cell RNA landscape of intratumoral heterogeneity and immunosuppressive microenvironment in advanced osteosarcoma. Nat. Commun. 11, 6322 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Evdokimova, V., Gassmann, H., Radvanyi, L. & Burdach, S. E. G. Current state of immunotherapy and mechanisms of immune evasion in ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 15, 272 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ligon, J. A. et al. Pathways of immune exclusion in metastatic osteosarcoma are associated with inferior patient outcomes. J. Immunother. Cancer 9, e001772 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cillo, A. R. et al. Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma have distinct immune signatures and intercellular communication networks. Clin. Cancer Res. 28, 4968–4982 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bressan, D., Battistoni, G. & Hannon, G. J. The dawn of spatial omics. Science 381, eabq4964 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Black, S. et al. CODEX multiplexed tissue imaging with DNA-conjugated antibodies. Nat. Protoc. 16, 3802–3835 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goltsev, Y. et al. Deep profiling of mouse splenic architecture with CODEX multiplexed imaging. Cell 174, 968–981.e915 (20