Gratacós J, Collado A, Pons F, Osaba M, Sanmartí R, Roqué M, et al. Significant loss of bone mass in patients with early, active ankylosing spondylitis: a followup study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(11):2319–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braun J, Sieper J. Ankylosing spondylitis. Lancet. 2007;369(9570):1379–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudwaleit M, Listing J, Brandt J, Braun J, Sieper J. Prediction of a major clinical response (BASDAI 50) to tumour necrosis factor alpha blockers in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63(6):665–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, Zink A, Alten R, Golder W, et al. Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. Lancet. 2002;359(9313):1187–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Heijde D, Dijkmans B, Geusens P, Sieper J, DeWoody K, Williamson P, et al. Efficacy and safety of infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (ASSERT). Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(2):582–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haibel H, Rudwaleit M, Brandt HC, Grozdanovic Z, Listing J, Kupper H, et al. Adalimumab reduces spinal symptoms in active ankylosing spondylitis: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging results of a fifty-two-week open-label trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(2):678–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ambarus C, Yeremenko N, Tak PP, Baeten D. Pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis: autoimmune or autoinflammatory? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012;24(4):351–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Generali E, Bose T, Selmi C, Voncken JW, Damoiseaux J. Nature versus nurture in the spectrum of rheumatic diseases: classification of spondyloarthritis as autoimmune or autoinflammatory. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(9):935–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wright C, Sibani S, Trudgian D, Fischer R, Kessler B, LaBaer J, et al. Detection of multiple autoantibodies in patients with ankylosing spondylitis using nucleic acid programmable protein arrays. Mol Cell Proteom. 2012;11(2):M900384.

Article  Google Scholar 

Baerlecken NT, Nothdorft S, Stummvoll GH, Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Reuter S, et al. Autoantibodies against CD74 in spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(6):1211–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsui FW, Tsui HW, Las Heras F, Pritzker KP, Inman RD. Serum levels of novel noggin and sclerostin-immune complexes are elevated in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(10):1873–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li M, Xu X, Su Y, Shao X, Zhou Y, Yan J. A comprehensive overview of PPM1A: from structure to disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2022;247(6):453–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strovel ET, Wu D, Sussman DJ. Protein phosphatase 2Calpha dephosphorylates axin and activates LEF-1-dependent transcription. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(4):2399–403.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duan X, Liang YY, Feng XH, Lin X. Protein serine/threonine phosphatase PPM1A dephosphorylates Smad1 in the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(48):36526–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee JS, Lee EJ, Lee JH, Hong SC, Lee CK, Yoo B et al. Autoantibodies against protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A as a Biomarker for Predicting Radiographic Progression in Ankylosing Spondylitis treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor agents. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12).

Kim YG, Sohn DH, Zhao X, Sokolove J, Lindstrom TM, Yoo B, et al. Role of protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A and anti-protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A autoantibodies in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(10):2793–803.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ravandi A, Boekholdt SM, Mallat Z, Talmud PJ, Kastelein JJ, Wareham NJ, et al. Relationship of IgG and IgM autoantibodies and immune complexes to oxidized LDL with markers of oxidation and inflammation and cardiovascular events: results from the EPIC-Norfolk Study. J Lipid Res. 2011;52(10):1829–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Lennon RJ, Miller ER, Witztum JL, McConnell JP, et al. Relationship of IgG and IgM autoantibodies to oxidized low density lipoprotein with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events. J Lipid Res. 2007;48(2):425–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Khan MA, Braun J. Concepts and epidemiology of spondyloarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20(3):401–17.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhatia K, Prasad ML, Barnish G, Koki G. Antigen and haplotype frequencies at three human leucocyte antigen loci (HLA-A, -B, -C) in the Pawaia of Papua New Guinea. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1988;75(3):329–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alexeeva L, Krylov M, Vturin V, Mylov N, Erdesz S, Benevolenskaya L. Prevalence of spondyloarthropathies and HLA-B27 in the native population of Chukotka, Russia. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(12):2298–300.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khan MA, Braun WE, Kushner I, Grecek DE, Muir WA, Steinberg AG. HLA B27 in Ankylosing spondylitis: differences in frequency and relative risk in American Blacks and caucasians. J Rheumatol. 2023;50(1):39–43.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG. Associations between ERAP1 polymorphisms and ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Inflamm Res. 2011;60(11):999–1003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans DM, Spencer CC, Pointon JJ, Su Z, Harvey D, Kochan G, et al. Interaction between ERAP1 and HLA-B27 in ankylosing spondylitis implicates peptide handling in the mechanism for HLA-B27 in disease susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2011;43(8):761–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seo JS, Lee SS, Kim SI, Ryu WH, Sa KH, Kim SU, et al. Influence of VEGF gene polymorphisms on the severity of ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(10):1299–302.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drouart M, Saas P, Billot M, Cedoz JP, Tiberghien P, Wendling D, et al. High serum vascular endothelial growth factor correlates with disease activity of spondylarthropathies. Clin Exp Immunol. 2003;132(1):158–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poddubnyy D, Conrad K, Haibel H, Syrbe U, Appel H, Braun J, et al. Elevated serum level of the vascular endothelial growth factor predicts radiographic spinal progression in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(12):2137–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar