Roche HM. Unsaturated fatty acids. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(2):397–401.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

A ISS, C AB. Changes in plasma free fatty acids Associated with Type-2 diabetes. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2022.

Article  Google Scholar 

Briggs M, Petersen K, Kris-Etherton P. Saturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: replacements for saturated fat to reduce cardiovascular risk. Healthcare. 2017; 5: 29. 2017.

Mensink RP, World Health Organization. Effects of saturated fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a systematic review and regression analysis. World Health Organization; 2016.

Willett W. Nutritional epidemiology. Oxford University Press; 2012.

Cena H, Calder PC. Defining a healthy diet: evidence for the role of contemporary dietary patterns in health and disease. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):334.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roy VK, Kumar A, Joshi P, Arora J, Ahanger AM. Plasma free fatty acid concentrations as a marker for acute myocardial infarction. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(11):2432.

PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pirro M, Mauriège P, Tchernof A, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Després JP, et al. Plasma free fatty acid levels and the risk of ischemic heart disease in men: prospective results from the Québec Cardiovascular Study. Atherosclerosis. 2002;160(2):377–84.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Tiran B, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Boehm BO, et al. Free fatty acids are independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in subjects with coronary artery disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(7):2542–7.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kleber ME, Delgado GE, Dawczynski C, Lorkowski S, Maerz W, von Schacky C. Saturated fatty acids and mortality in patients referred for coronary angiography—the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health study. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12(2):455–e633.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malik VS, Chiuve SE, Campos H, Rimm EB, Mozaffarian D, Hu FB, et al. Circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident coronary heart disease in US men and women. Circulation. 2015;132(4):260–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lemaitre RN, McKnight B, Sotoodehnia N, Fretts AM, Qureshi WT, Song X, et al. Circulating very long-chain saturated fatty acids and heart failure: the cardiovascular health study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(21):e010019.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kharazmi-Khorassani J, Zirak RG, Ghazizadeh H, Zare-Feyzabadi R, Kharazmi-Khorassani S, Naji-Reihani-Garmroudi S et al. The role of serum monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cardiovascular disease risk. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2021;92(2).

Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC. Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(1):5–19.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belfort R, Mandarino L, Kashyap S, Wirfel K, Pratipanawatr T, Berria R, et al. Dose-response effect of elevated plasma free fatty acid on insulin signaling. Diabetes. 2005;54(6):1640–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Suiter C, Singha SK, Khalili R, Shariat-Madar Z. Free fatty acids: circulating contributors of metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2018;16(1):20–34.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boden G. Obesity and free fatty acids. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37(3):635–46.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Schembri Wismayer D, Laurenti MC, Song Y, Egan AM, Welch AA, Bailey KR, et al. Effects of acute changes in fasting glucose and free fatty acid concentrations on indices of beta-cell function and glucose metabolism in subjects without diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2023;325(2):E119–31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu J, Varghese RT, Zhou L, Vella A, Jensen MD. Glucose tolerance and free fatty acid metabolism in adults with variations in TCF7L2 rs7903146. Metabolism. 2017;68:55–63.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Poynten AM, Gan SK, Kriketos AD, Campbell LV, Chisholm DJ. Circulating fatty acids, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin-infused fat oxidation acutely influence whole body insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(2):1035–40.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pankow JS, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Ballantyne CM, Couper DJ, Hoogeveen RC, et al. Fasting plasma free fatty acids and risk of type 2 diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):77–82.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Khawaja O, Maziarz M, Biggs ML, Longstreth WT Jr., Ix JH, Kizer JR, et al. Plasma free fatty acids and risk of stroke in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(7):917–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jouven X, Charles MA, Desnos M, Ducimetière P. Circulating nonesterified fatty acid level as a predictive risk factor for sudden death in the population. Circulation. 2001;104(7):756–61.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Charles MA, Fontbonne A, Thibult N, Claude JR, Warnet JM, Rosselin G, et al. High plasma nonesterified fatty acids are predictive of cancer mortality but not of coronary heart disease mortality: results from the Paris prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(3):292–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Akinbami LJ, Chen TC, Davy O, Ogden CL, Fink S, Clark J et al. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017-March 2020 Prepandemic file: Sample Design, Estimation, and Analytic guidelines. Vital Health Stat. 2022(190):1–36.

Chen Y, Gue Y, Calvert P, Gupta D, McDowell G, Azariah JL et al. Predicting stroke in Asian patients with atrial fibrillation using machine learning: a report from the KERALA-AF registry, with external validation in the APHRS-AF registry. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2024:102456.

Lagerstedt SA, Hinrichs DR, Batt SM, Magera MJ, Rinaldo P, McConnell JP. Quantitative determination of plasma c8-c26 total fatty acids for the biochemical diagnosis of nutritional and metabolic disorders. Mol Genet Metab. 2001;73:38–45.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

CDC. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012 Laboratory Data - Continuous NHANES. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/search/datapage.aspx?Component=Laboratory&CycleBeginYear=2011

Statistics NCfH. The Linkage of National Center for Health Statistics Survey Data to the National Death Index — 2019 Linked Mortality File (LMF): Linkage Methodology and Analytic Considerations. Hyattsville. 2022.

Brämer GR. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Tenth revision. World Health Stat Q. 1988;41(1):32–6.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moy E, Garcia MC, Bastian B, Rossen LM, Ingram DD, Faul M, et al. Leading causes of death in Nonmetropolitan and Metropolitan areas- United States, 1999–2014. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017;66(1):1–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yoon PW, Bastian B, Anderson RN, Collins JL, Jaffe HW. Potentially preventable deaths from the five leading causes of death–United States, 2008–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(17):369–74.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products N, Allergies. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. Efsa J. 2010;8(3):1461.

Google Scholar 

Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, Crowe F, Ward HA, Johnson L, et al. Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(6):398–406.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng Y, Fang Y, Xu X, Ye W, Kang S, Yang K, et al. Dietary saturated fatty acids increased all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in an elderly population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr Res. 2023;120:99–114.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Parks EJ, Hellerstein MK. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):412–33.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

van Rooijen MA, Mensink RP. Palmitic acid versus stearic acid: effects of interesterification and intakes on cardiometabolic risk markers—A systematic review. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):615.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tao X, Liu L, Ma P, Hu J, Ming Z, Dang K, et al. Association of Circulating Very Long-Chain Saturated Fatty acids with Cardiovascular Mortality in NHANES 2003–2004, 2011–2012. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(2):e633–45.