Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010.

Naghavi M, Ong KL, Aali A, et al. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00367-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun F, Yao J, Du S, et al. Social Determinants, Cardiovascular Disease, and Health Care Cost: A Nationwide Study in the United States Using Machine Learning. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.027919.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001052.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Birger M, Kaldjian AS, Roth GA, et al. Spending on Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the United States: 1996 to 2016. Circulation 2021. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.053216.

Luengo-Fernandez R, Walli-Attaei M, Gray A, et al. Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in the European Union: a population-based cost study. Eur Heart J. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad583.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boutari C, DeMarsilis A, Mantzoros CS. Obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110773.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

La Sala L, Pontiroli AE. Prevention of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218178.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation. 2021. https://diabetesatlas.org/idfawp/resource-files/2021/07/IDF_Atlas_10th_Edition_2021.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2024.

Bhupathiraju SN, Hu FB. Epidemiology of Obesity and Diabetes and Their Cardiovascular Complications. Circ Res. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306825.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stierman B, Afful J, Carroll MD, et al. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–March 2020 Prepandemic Data Files Development of Files and Prevalence Estimates for Selected Health Outcomes. 2021.

Google Scholar 

Boutari C and Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism - Clinical and Experimental 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155217.

Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief, no 360. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db360-h.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2024.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/index.html (2024, accessed July 20, 2024).

Alpert MA, Lavie CJ, Agrawal H, et al. Obesity and heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Transl Res. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2014.04.010.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bae JP, Kallenbach L, Nelson DR, et al. Obesity and metabolic syndrome in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a cross-sectional analysis of the Veradigm Cardiology Registry. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-024-01589-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Piché M, Tchernof A, Després J. Obesity Phenotypes, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases. Circ Res. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopez-Candales A, Hernández Burgos PM, Hernandez-Suarez DF, et al. Linking chronic inflammation with cardiovascular disease: from normal aging to the metabolic syndrome. J Nat Sci. 2017;3(4):e341.

Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, et al. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tobias DK, Pan A, Jackson CL, et al. Body-mass index and mortality among adults with incident type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1304501.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown OI, Drozd M, McGowan H, et al. Relationship Among Diabetes, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease Phenotypes: A UK Biobank Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. 2023. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-0294.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pandey A, LaMonte M, Klein L, et al. Relationship Between Physical Activity, Body Mass Index, and Risk of Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.081.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Singleton MJ, German CA, Soliman EZ, et al. Body Mass Index, Sex, and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Diabetes: The ACCORD Trial. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2020.08.008.

Yun J, Ko S. Current trends in epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk management in type 2 diabetes. Metab Clin Exp. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154838.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzén S, et al. Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1608664.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park JH, Ha KH, Kim BY, et al. Trends in Cardiovascular Complications and Mortality among Patients with Diabetes in South Korea. Diabetes Metab J. 2021. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0175.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alebna PL, Mehta A, Yehya A, et al. Update on obesity, the obesity paradox, and obesity management in heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2024.01.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tutor AW, Lavie CJ, Kachur S, et al. Updates on obesity and the obesity paradox in cardiovascular diseases. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fonarow GC, Srikanthan P, Costanzo MR, et al. An obesity paradox in acute heart failure: analysis of body mass index and inhospital mortality for 108,927 patients in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry. Am Heart J. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2006.09.007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hobbach AJ, Feld J, Linke WA, et al. BMI-Stratified Exploration of the “Obesity Paradox”: Heart Failure Perspectives from a Large German Insurance Database. J Clin Med. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072086.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Katta N, Loethen T, Lavie CJ, et al. Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease: Epidemiology, Pathology, and Coronary Artery Imaging. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100655.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ng ACT, Delgado V, Borlaug BA, et al. Diabesity: the combined burden of obesity and diabetes on heart disease and the role of imaging. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-020-00465-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, et al. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Christensen RH, von Scholten BJ, Lehrskov LL, et al. Epicardial adipose tissue: an emerging biomarker of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes? Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018820928824.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Selthofer-Relatić K, Kibel A, Delić-Brkljačić D, et al. Cardiac Obesity and Cardiac Cachexia: Is There a Pathophysiological Link? Journal of obesity. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9854085.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Karlsson T, Rask-Andersen M, Pan G, et al. Contribution of genetics to visceral adiposity and its relation to cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Nat Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0563-7.

Article  PubMed