Merchant FM, Dec GW, Singh JP. Implantable sensors for heart failure. Circulation: Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. 2010;3(6):657–67.

Google Scholar 

Yacoub MH, McLeod C. The expanding role of implantable devices to monitor heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Nat Reviews Cardiol. 2018;15(12):770–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

D’Onofrio A, Solimene F, Calò L, Calvi V, Viscusi M, Melissano D, Russo V, Rapacciuolo A, Campana A, Caravati F, Bonfanti P. Combining home monitoring temporal trends from implanted defibrillators and baseline patient risk profile to predict heart failure hospitalizations: results from the SELENE HF study. EP Europace. 2022;24(2):234–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Boehmer JP, Hariharan R, Devecchi FG, Smith AL, Molon G, Capucci A, An Q, Averina V, Stolen CM, Thakur PH, Thompson JA. A multisensor algorithm predicts heart failure events in patients with implanted devices: results from the MultiSENSE study. JACC: Heart Fail. 2017;5(3):216–25.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gladstone DJ, Spring M, Dorian P, Panzov V, Thorpe KE, Hall J, Vaid H, O’Donnell M, Laupacis A, Côté R, Sharma M. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(26):2467–77.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kaufman ES, Israel CW, Nair GM, Armaganijan L, Divakaramenon S, Mairesse GH, Brandes A, Crystal E, Costantini O, Sandhu RK, Parkash R. Positive predictive value of device-detected atrial high-rate episodes at different rates and durations: an analysis from ASSERT. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9(8):1241–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, Israel CW, Van Gelder IC, Capucci A, Lau CP, Fain E, Yang S, Bailleul C, Morillo CA. Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(2):120–9.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Khan AA, Boriani G, Lip GY. Are atrial high rate episodes (AHREs) a precursor to atrial fibrillation? Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109:409–16.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sanna T, Diener HC, Passman RS, Di Lazzaro V, Bernstein RA, Morillo CA, Rymer MM, Thijs V, Rogers T, Beckers F, Lindborg K. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(26):2478–86.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Skanes AC, Krahn AD, Yee R, Klein GJ, Connolly SJ, Kerr CR, Gent M, Thorpe KE, Roberts RS, CTOPP Investigators. Progression to chronic atrial fibrillation after pacing: the Canadian trial of physiologic pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(1):167–72.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ginder C, Li J, Halperin JL, Akar JG, Martin DT, Chattopadhyay I, Upadhyay GA. Predicting malignant ventricular arrhythmias using real-time remote monitoring. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;81(10):949–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Svendsen JH, Diederichsen SZ, Højberg S, Krieger DW, Graff C, Kronborg C, Olesen MS, Nielsen JB, Holst AG, Brandes A, Haugan KJ. Implantable loop recorder detection of atrial fibrillation to prevent stroke (the LOOP study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10310):1507–16.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Healey JS, Lopes RD, Granger CB, Alings M, Rivard L, McIntyre WF, Atar D, Birnie DH, Boriani G, Camm AJ, Conen D. Apixaban for stroke prevention in subclinical atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(2):107–17.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Revisions to Payment Policies Under the Physician Fee Schedule and Other Revisions to Part B for CY. 2019; Medicare Shared Savings Program Requirements; Quality Payment Program; Medicaid Promoting Interoperability Program; Quality Payment Program-Extreme and Uncontrollable Circumstance Policy for the 2019 MIPS Payment Year; Provisions From the Medicare Shared Savings Program-Accountable Care Organizations-Pathways to Success; and Expanding the Use of Telehealth Services for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder Under the Substance Use-Disorder Prevention That Promotes Opioid Recovery and Treatment (SUPPORT) for Patients and Communities Act. Federal Register. November 23, 2018. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/11/23/2018-24170/medicare-program-revisions-to-payment-policies-under-the-physician-fee-schedule-and-other-revisions#h-81. Accessed 11 Sept 2021.

Gallup. Americans’ Reported Use of Wearable Fitness Trackers and Health Apps. 2019. https://www.news.gallup.com. Accessed 15 June 2024.

Bayoumy K, Gaber M, Elshafeey A, Mhaimeed O, Dineen EH, Marvel FA, Martin SS, Muse ED, Turakhia MP, Tarakji KG, Elshazly MB. Smart wearable devices in cardiovascular care: where we are and how to move forward. Nat Reviews Cardiol. 2021;18(8):581–99.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Avila CO. Novel use of Apple Watch 4 to obtain 3-lead electrocardiogram and detect cardiac ischemia. Permanente J. 2019;23:23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Behzadi A, Sepehri Shamloo A, Mouratis K, Hindricks G, Arya A, Bollmann A. Feasibility and reliability of smartwatch to obtain 3-lead electrocardiogram recordings. Sensors. 2020;20(18): 5074.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lubitz SA, Faranesh AZ, Selvaggi C, Atlas SJ, McManus DD, Singer DE, Pagoto S, McConnell MV, Pantelopoulos A, Foulkes AS. Detection of atrial fibrillation in a large population using wearable devices: the Fitbit Heart Study. Circulation. 2022;146(19):1415–24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perez MV, Mahaffey KW, Hedlin H, Rumsfeld JS, Garcia A, Ferris T, Balasubramanian V, Russo AM, Rajmane A, Cheung L, Hung G. Large-scale assessment of a smartwatch to identify atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(20):1909–17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Turakhia MP, Desai M, Hedlin H, Rajmane A, Talati N, Ferris T, Desai S, Nag D, Patel M, Kowey P, Rumsfeld JS. Rationale and design of a large-scale, app-based study to identify cardiac arrhythmias using a smartwatch: the Apple Heart Study. Am Heart J. 2019;207:66–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

William AD, Kanbour M, Callahan T, Bhargava M, Varma N, Rickard J, Saliba W, Wolski K, Hussein A, Lindsay BD, Wazni OM. Assessing the accuracy of an automated atrial fibrillation detection algorithm using smartphone technology: the iREAD Study. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15(10):1561–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Liu T, Liang Z, Xia Y, Yan L, Xing Y, Shi H, Li S, Liu Y. Mobile photoplethysmographic technology to detect atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(19):2365–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brik T, Lucassen WA, Harskamp RE, Karregat EP, Himmelreich JC, Busschers WB, van Charante EP. Personalized approach using wearable technology for early detection of atrial fibrillation in high-risk primary care patients (PATCH-AF): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2022;254:172–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abu-Alrub S, Strik M, Ramirez FD, Moussaoui N, Racine HP, Marchand H, Buliard S, Haïssaguerre M, Ploux S, Bordachar P. Smartwatch electrocardiograms for automated and manual diagnosis of atrial fibrillation: a comparative analysis of three models. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9: 836375.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mannhart D, Lischer M, Knecht S, du Fay de Lavallaz J, Strebel I, Serban T, Vögeli D, Schaer B, Osswald S, Mueller C, Kühne M. Clinical validation of 5 direct-to-consumer wearable smart devices to detect atrial fibrillation: BASEL wearable study. Clin Electrophysiol. 2023;9(2):232–42.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gibson CM, Steinhubl S, Lakkireddy D, Turakhia MP, Passman R, Jones WS, Bunch TJ, Curtis AB, Peterson ED, Ruskin J, Saxon L. Does early detection of atrial fibrillation reduce the risk of thromboembolic events? Rationale and design of the heartline study. Am Heart J. 2023;259:30–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mant J, Modi RN, Dymond A, Armstrong N, Burt J, Calvert P, Cowie M, Ding WY, Edwards D, Freedman B, Griffin SJ. Randomised controlled trial of population screening for atrial fibrillation in people aged 70 years and over to reduce stroke: protocol for the SAFER trial. BMJ open. 2024;14(4): e082047.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen M, Yu L, Liu Q, Wang Z, Wang S, Jiang H, Zhou S. Low level tragus nerve stimulation is a non-invasive approach for anti-atrial fibrillation via preventing the loss of connexins. Int J Cardiol. 2015;179:144–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao Q, Zhang S, Zhao H, Zhang S, Dai Z, Qian Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Tang Y, Huang C. Median nerve stimulation prevents atrial electrical remodelling and inflammation in a canine model with rapid atrial pacing. EP Europace. 2018;20(4):712–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stavrakis S, Humphrey MB, Scherlag BJ, Hu Y, Jackman WM, Nakagawa H, Lockwood D, Lazzara R, Po SS. Low-level transcutaneous electrical vagus nerve stimulation suppresses atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(9):867–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Varma N, Han JK, Passman R, Rosman LA, Ghanbari H, Noseworthy P, Avari Silva JN, Deshmukh A, Sanders P, Hindricks G, Lip G. Promises and perils of Consumer Mobile technologies in Cardiovascular Care: JACC Scientific Statement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83(5):611–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang A, Nguyen D, Sridhar AR, Gollakota S. Using smart speakers to contactlessly monitor heart rhythms. Commun Biology. 2021;4(1):1–2.

Google Scholar 

Xu S, Kim J, Walter JR, Ghaffari R, Rogers JA. Translational gaps and opportunities for medical wearables in digital health. Sci Transl Med. 2022;14(666): eabn6036.