Bellenger C, Fuller JT, Thomson RL, Davison K, Robertson EY, Buckley JD (2016) Monitoring athletic training status through autonomic heart rate regulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 46:1461–1486

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bentley R (2020) Heart rate variability and recovery following maximal exercise in endurance athletes and physically active individuals. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 45(10):1138–1144

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berntson G, Bigger J, Eckberg D, Grossman P, Kaufmann P, Malik M, Nagaraja H, Porges S, Saul J, Stone P, Van Der Molen M (1997) Heart rate variability: origins, methods and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiol 34:623–648

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buchheit M, Gindre C (2006) Cardiac parasympathetic regulation: respective associations with cardiorespiratory fitness and training load. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291:451–458

Article  Google Scholar 

Buchheit M, Laursen P, Ahmaidi S (2007) Parasympathetic reactivation after repeated sprint exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293:H133–H141

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cole C (1999) Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. N Engl J Med 341(18):1351–1357

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldberger J, Le F, Lahiri M, Kannankeril P, Ng J, Kadish A (2006) Assesment of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290:H2446–H2452

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldberger J, Johnson N, Subacius H, Ng J, Greenland P (2014) Comparison of the physiologic and prognostic implications of the heart rate versus the RR interval. Heart Rhythm 11(11):1925–1933

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hainsworth R (1998) Physiology of the cardiac autonomic system. In: Malik M (ed) Clinical guide to cardiac autonomic tests. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp 3–29

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Hautala A, Tulppo M, Mäkikallio T, Laukkanen R, Nissilä S, Huikuri H (2001) Changes in cardiac autonomic regulation after prolonged maximal exercise. Clin Physiol 21:238–245

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaikkonen P, Nummela A, Rusko H (2007) Heart rate variability dynamics during early recovery after different endurance exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 102:79–86

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaikkonen P, Rusko H, Martinmäki K (2008) Post-exercise heart rate variability of endurance athletes after different high-intensity exercise interventions. Scand J Med Sci Sports 18:511–519

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koenig J, Thayer J (2016) Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 64:288–310

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lamberts RP, Swart J, Noakes TD, Lambert MI (2009) Changes in heart rate recovery after high-intensity training in well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 105(5):705–713

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lamberts RP, van Erp T, Javaloyes A, Eken M, Langerak N, Tam N (2024) Reliability of recovery heart rate variability measurements as part of the Lamberts Submaximal Cycle Test and the relationship with training status in trained to elite cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05385-z

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee H, Kim H, Oh S, Park J-K, Jang J-Y, Chun K-H, Yoon S-J (2023) Delayed blood pressure recovery after exercise stress test is associated with autonomic dysfunction and pulse pressure in a middle-aged healthy group. PLoS ONE 18(10):e0285961

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Michael S, Graham K, Davis G (2017) Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals—a review. Front Physiol 8:301

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Molina G, Fontana K, Porto L, Junqueira L (2016) Post-exercise heart-rate recovery correlates to resting heart-rate variability in healthy men. Clin Auton Res 26(6):415–421

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ng J, Sundaram S, Kadish A, Goldberger J (2009) Autonomic effects on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability after exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 297:H1421–H1428

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oliveira T, Mattos R, Silva R, Rezende R, Lima J (2013) Absence of parasympathetic reactivation after maximal exercise. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 33:143–149

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paul RW, Sonnier JH, Johnson EE et al (2023) Inequalities in the evaluation of male versus female athletes in sports medicine research: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med 51(12):3335–3342

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perini R, Orizio C, Comande A, Castellano M, Beschi M, Veicsteinas A (1989) Plasma norepinephrine and heart rate dynamics during recovery from submaximal exercise in man. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 58:879–883

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Porges S (1995) Cardiac vagal tone: a physiological index of stress. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 19:225–233

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (1996) Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation 93:1043–1065

Article  Google Scholar 

Thomas JM, Black WS, Kern PA, Pendergast JS, Clasey JL (2022) Heart rate recovery as an assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness in young adults. J Clin Exerc Physiol 11(2):44–53

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tonello L, Reichert FF, Oliveira-Silva I, Del Rosso S, Leicht AS, Boullosa DA (2015) Correlates of heart rate measures with incidental physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight female workers. Front Physiol 6:405

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tulppo M, Mäkikallio T, Seppänen T, Laukkanen R, Huikuri H (1998) Vagal modulation of heart rate during exercise: effects of age and physical fitness. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 274:H424–H429

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Watanabe J, Thamilarasan M, Blackstone EH, Thomas JD, Lauer MS (2001) Heart rate recovery immediately after treadmill exercise and left ventricular systolic dysfunction as predictors of mortality: the case of stress echocardiography. Circulation 104(16):1911–1916

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weberruss H, Maucher J, Oberhoffer R, Muller J (2018) Recovery of the cardiac autonomic nervous and vascular system after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing in recreational athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 118(1):205–211

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu L, Shi P, Yu H, Liu Y (2020) An optimization study of the ultra-short period for HRV analysis at rest and post-exercise. Electrocardiol 63:57–63

Article  Google Scholar