Adam A, De Luca CJ (2005) Firing rates of motor units in human vastus lateralis muscle during fatiguing isometric contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 99(1):268–280. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01344.2004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amiridis IG, Mani D, Almuklass A, Matkowski B, Gould JR, Enoka RM (2015) Modulation of motor unit activity in biceps brachii by neuromuscular electrical stimulation applied to the contralateral arm. J Appl Physiol (1985) 118(12):1544–1552. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00031.2015

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arslan BT, Görkem Özyurt M, İşak B, Cecen S, Türker KS (2024) Single motor unit estimation of the cutaneous silent period in ALS. Clin Neurophysiol 157:110–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2023.11.013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Basmajian JV, De Luca CJ (1985) Muscles alive: Their functions revealed by electromyography, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD

Google Scholar 

Byrne CA, Lyons GM, Donnelly AE, O’Keeffe DT, Hermens H, Nene A (2005) Rectus femoris surface myoelectric signal crosstalk during static contractions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 15(6):564–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.03.002

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campanini I, Merlo A, Degola P, Merletti R, Vezzosi G, Farina D (2007) Effect of electrode location on EMG signal envelope in leg muscles during gait. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 17(4):515–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.06.001

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Casolo A, Maeo S, Balshaw TG, Lanza MB, Martin NRW, Nuccio S, Moro T, Paoli A, Felici F, Maffulli N, Eskofier B, Kinfe TM, Folland JP, Farina D, Vecchio AD (2023) Non-invasive estimation of muscle fibre size from high-density electromyography. J Physiol 601(10):1831–1850. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP284170

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Darendeli A, Ertan H, Cuğ M, Wikstrom E, Enoka RM (2023) Comparison of EMG activity in shank muscles between individuals with and without chronic ankle instability when running on a treadmill. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 70:102773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102773

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Luca CJ (1997) The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. J Appl Biomech 13:135–163. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.13.2.135

Article  Google Scholar 

De Blaiser C, De Ridder R, Willems T, Danneels L, Vanden Bossche L, Palmans T, Roosen P (2018) Evaluating abdominal core muscle fatigue: assessment of the validity and reliability of the prone bridging test. Scand J Med Sci Sports 28(2):391–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12919

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Luca CJ, Roy AM, Erim Z (1993) Synchronization of motor-unit firings in several human muscles. J Neurophysiol 70(5):2010–2023. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.5.2010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Luca CJ, Gilmore LD, Kuznetsov M, Roy SH (2010) Filtering the surface EMG signal: movement artifact and baseline noise contamination. J Biomech 43(8):1573–1579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.01.027

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Luca CJ, Chang SS, Roy SH, Kline JC, Nawab SH (2015) Decomposition of surface EMG signals from cyclic dynamic contractions. J Neurophysiol 113(6):1941–1951. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00555.2014

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Vito G, McHugh D, Macaluso A, Riches PE (2003) Is the coactivation of biceps femoris during isometric knee extension affected by adiposity in healthy young humans? J Electromyogr Kinesiol 13(5):425–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(03)00061-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Defreitas JM, Costa PB, Ryan ED, Herda TJ, Cramer JT, Beck TW (2008) An examination of innervation zone movement with increases in isometric torque production. Clin Neurophysiol 119(12):2795–2799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.09.021

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dimitrova NA, Dimitrov GV, Nikitin OA (2002) Neither high-pass filtering nor mathematical differentiation of the EMG signals can considerably reduce crosstalk. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 12(4):235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(02)00008-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Disselhorst-Klug C, Schmitz-Rode T, Rau G (2009) Surface electromyography and muscle force: limits in sEMG-force relationship and new approaches for applications. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 24(3):225–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2008.08.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faes TJ, van der Meij HA, de Munck JC, Heethaar RM (1999) The electric resistivity of human tissues (100 Hz-10 MHz): a meta-analysis of review studies. Physiol Meas 20(4):R1-10. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/20/4/201

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farina D (2006) Interpretation of the surface electromyogram in dynamic contractions. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 34(3):121–127. https://doi.org/10.1249/00003677-200607000-00006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farina D, Rainoldi A (1999) Compensation of the effect of sub-cutaneous tissue layers on surface EMG: a simulation study. Med Eng Phys 21(6–7):487–497

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farina D, Arendt-Nielsen L, Merletti R, Graven-Nielsen T (2002a) Assessment of single motor unit conduction velocity during sustained contractions of the tibialis anterior muscle with advanced spike triggered averaging. J Neurosci Methods 115(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00510-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farina D, Merletti R, Indino B, Nazzaro M, Pozzo M (2002b) Surface EMG crosstalk between knee extensor muscles: experimental and model results. Muscle Nerve 26(5):681–695. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.10256

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farina D, Merletti R, Nazzaro M, Caruso I (2002c) Effect of joint angle on EMG variables in leg and thigh muscles. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 2001, 20(6):62–71. https://doi.org/10.1109/51.982277. (Erratum in: IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag Mar-Apr;21(2):88)

Article  Google Scholar 

Farina D, Stegeman DF, Merletti R (2016) Biophysics of the generation of EMG. In: Merletti R, Farina D (eds) Signals in surface electromyography: physiology, engineering, and applications. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey, pp 30–54

Google Scholar 

Farina D, Negro F, Muceli S, Enoka RM (2016) Principles of motor unit physiology evolve with advances in technology. Physiology (Bethesda) 31(2):83–94. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00040.2015

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fish RM, Geddes LA (2008) Electrophysiology of connection current spikes. Cardiovasc Eng 8(4):219–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10558-008-9059-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fish RM, Geddes LA (2009) Conduction of electrical current to and through the human body: a review. Eplasty 12(9):e44

Google Scholar 

Fling BW, Christie A, Kamen G (2009) Motor unit synchronisation in FDI and biceps brachii muscles of strength-trained males. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 19(5):800–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.06.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frigon A, Carroll TJ, Jones KE, Zehr EP, Collins DF (2007) Ankle position and voluntary contraction alter maximal M waves in soleus and tibialis anterior. Muscle Nerve 35(6):756–766. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20747

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Ronegar J (1988) The motor unit firing rate and power spectrum of myography in humans. EEG Clin Neumphysiol 70:68–72

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Helekar SA, Thonhoff J, John BS, Nguyen L, Rosenfield DB, Appel SH (2022) Modulation of spontaneous motor unit potentials by a new motor cortical magnetic stimulation method in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 269(10):5487–5496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-022-11214-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G (2000) Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 10(5):361–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00027-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Héroux ME, Stubbs PW (2016) Herbert RD Behavior of human gastrocnemius muscle fascicles during ramped submaximal isometric contractions. Physiol Rep 4(17):e12947. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.12947