Rose EA, Parfitt G. A quantitative analysis and qualitative explanation of the individual differences in affective responses to prescribed and self-selected exercise intensities. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007;29:281–309.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Senn S, Rolfe K, Julious SA. Investigating variability in patient response to treatment–a case study from a replicate cross-over study. Stat Methods Med Res. 2011;20:657–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouchard C, Antunes-Correa LM, Ashley EA, Franklin N, Hwang PM, Mattsson CM, et al. Personalized preventive medicine: genetics and the response to regular exercise in preventive interventions. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;57:337–46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

König IR, Fuchs O, Hansen G, von Mutius E, Kopp MV. What is precision medicine? Eur Respir J. 2017;50:1700391.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouchard C, An P, Rice T, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Gagnon J, et al. Familial aggregation of VO(2max) response to exercise training: results from the HERITAGE Family Study. J Appl Physiol. 1985;1999(87):1003–8.

Google Scholar 

Vollaard NBJ, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Fredriksson K, Rooyackers O, Jansson E, Greenhaff PL, et al. Systematic analysis of adaptations in aerobic capacity and submaximal energy metabolism provides a unique insight into determinants of human aerobic performance. J Appl Physiol. 2009;106:1479–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Astorino TA, Schubert MM. Individual responses to completion of short-term and chronic interval training: a retrospective study. Haddad JM, editor. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e97638.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wolpern AE, Burgos DJ, Janot JM, Dalleck LC. Is a threshold-based model a superior method to the relative percent concept for establishing individual exercise intensity? a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2015;7:16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bonafiglia JT, Rotundo MP, Whittall JP, Scribbans TD, Graham RB, Gurd BJ. Inter-individual variability in the adaptive responses to endurance and sprint interval training: a randomized crossover study. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0167790.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gurd BJ, Giles MD, Bonafiglia JT, Raleigh JP, Boyd JC, Ma JK, et al. Incidence of nonresponse and individual patterns of response following sprint interval training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:229–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raleigh JP, Giles MD, Scribbans TD, Edgett BA, Sawula LJ, Bonafiglia JT, et al. The impact of work-matched interval training on V̇O2peak and V̇O2 kinetics: diminishing returns with increasing intensity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:706–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Montero D, Lundby C. Refuting the myth of non-response to exercise training: ‘non-responders’ do respond to higher dose of training: trainability and exercise dose. J Physiol. 2017;595:3377–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Atkinson G, Batterham AM. True and false interindividual differences in the physiological response to an intervention: true and false interindividual differences. Exp Physiol. 2015;100:577–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hecksteden A, Kraushaar J, Scharhag-Rosenberger F, Theisen D, Senn S, Meyer T. Individual response to exercise training—a statistical perspective. J Appl Physiol. 2015;118:1450–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonafiglia JT, Preobrazenski N, Gurd BJ. A systematic review examining the approaches used to estimate interindividual differences in trainability and classify individual responses to exercise training. Front Physiol. 2021;12: 665044.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Williamson PJ, Atkinson G, Batterham AM. Inter-individual responses of maximal oxygen uptake to exercise training: a critical review. Sports Med. 2017;47:1501–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Swinton PA, Hemingway BS, Saunders B, Gualano B, Dolan E. A statistical framework to interpret individual response to intervention: paving the way for personalized nutrition and exercise prescription. Front Nutr. 2018;5:41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swinton PA, Hemingway BS, Gallagher IJ, Dolan E. Statistical methods to reduce the effects of measurement error in sport and exercise: a guide for practitioners and applied researchers. 2023;

Bonafiglia JT, Brennan AM, Ross R, Gurd BJ. An appraisal of the SD IR as an estimate of true individual differences in training responsiveness in parallel-arm exercise randomized controlled trials. Physiol Rep. 2019;7: e14163.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Atkinson G, Williamson P, Batterham AM. Issues in the determination of “responders” and “non-responders” in physiological research. Exp Physiol. 2019;104:1215–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hecksteden A, Pitsch W, Rosenberger F, Meyer T. Repeated testing for the assessment of individual response to exercise training. J Appl Physiol. 2018;124:1567–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walsh JJ, Bonafiglia JT, Goldfield GS, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Doucette S, et al. Interindividual variability and individual responses to exercise training in adolescents with obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45:45–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu F, Salisbury D, Mathiason MA. Inter-individual differences in the responses to aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease: Findings from the FIT-AD trial. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10:65–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Metcalfe RS, Vollaard NBJ. Heterogeneity and incidence of non-response for changes in cardiorespiratory fitness following time-efficient sprint interval exercise training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2021;46:735–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Pate RR. Are there inter-individual differences in fat mass and percent body fat as a result of aerobic exercise training in overweight and obese children and adolescents? A meta-analytic perspective childhood. Obesity. 2020;16:301–6.

Google Scholar 

Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Pate RR. Inter-individual differences in body mass index were not observed as a result of aerobic exercise in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2021;16: e12692.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonafiglia JT, Swinton PA, Ross R, Johannsen NM, Martin CK, Church TS, et al. Interindividual differences in trainability and moderators of cardiorespiratory fitness, waist circumference, and body mass responses: a large-scale individual participant data meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2022;52:2837–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Storoschuk KL, Lesiuk D, Nuttall J, LeBouedec M, Khansari A, Islam H, et al. Impact of fasting on the AMPK and PGC-1α axis in rodent and human skeletal muscle: a systematic review. Metabolism. 2024;152: 155768.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonafiglia JT, Islam H, Preobrazenski N, Gurd BJ. Risk of bias and reporting practices in studies comparing VO2max responses to sprint interval vs. continuous training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci. 2022;11:552–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Preobrazenski N, McCaig A, Turner A, Kushner M, Pacitti L, Mendolia P, et al. Risk of bias in exercise science: a systematic review of 340 studies. iScience. 2024;27:109010.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d5928–d5928.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swinton P. influence of baseline capability on intervention effects in strength and conditioning: a review of concepts and methods with meta-analysis [Internet]. 2023 Apr. Available from: https://sportrxiv.org/index.php/server/preprint/view/285/version/370.

Atkinson G, Batterham AM. True and false interindividual differences in the physiological response to an intervention. Exp Physiol. 2015;100:577–88.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hopkins WG. Individual responses made easy. J Appl Physiol. 2015;118:1444–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Swinton P. Assessing individual response to training in sport and exercise: a conceptual and statistical review [Internet]. 2023 Apr. Available from: https://sportrxiv.org/index.php/server/preprint/view/288/version/374.

Kruschk