Vardardottir B, Gudmundsdottir SL, Olafsdottir AS. Health and performance consequences of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-s). Laeknabladid. 2020;106(9):406–13. https://doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2020.09.596.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(10):1867–82. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318149f111.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wasserfurth P, Palmowski J, Hahn A, Krüger K. Reasons for and consequences of low energy availability in female and male athletes: social environment, adaptations, and prevention. Sports Med Open. 2020;6:44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-020-00275-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coelho AR, Cardoso G, Brito ME, Gomes IN, Cascais MJ. The female athlete triad/relative energy deficiency in sports (RED-S). Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2021;43(5):395–402. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730289.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Logue DM, Madigan SM, Melin A, et al. Low energy availability in athletes 2020: an updated narrative review of prevalence, risk, within-day energy balance, knowledge, and impact on sports performance. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):835. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030835.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Otis CL, Drinkwater B, Johnson M, Loucks A, Wilmore J. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29(5):i–ix. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705000-00037.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the female athlete triad–Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(7):491–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barker J. Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): when athletes run on empty. Boston Children’s Hospital. Published February 16, 2022. https://answers.childrenshospital.org/relative-energy-deficiency-red-s/. Accessed 27 May 2024.

Cabre H, Moore S, Smith-Ryan A, Hackney A. Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): scientific, clinical, and practical implications for the female athlete. Dtsch Z Sportmed. 2022;73(7):225–34. https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2022.546.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stellingwerff T, Mountjoy M, McCluskey WT, Ackerman KE, Verhagen E, Heikura IA. Review of the scientific rationale, development and validation of the International Olympic Committee Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool: vol 2 (IOC REDs CAT2)—By a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(17):1109–21. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-106914.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar P, Kumar N, Thakur DS, Patidar A. Male hypogonadism: symptoms and treatment. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2010;1(3):297–301. https://doi.org/10.4103/0110-5558.72420.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sophie Gibson ME, Fleming N, Zuijdwijk C, Dumont T. Where have the periods gone? The evaluation and management of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2020;12(Suppl 1):18–27. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.S0178.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abraham SF, Beumont PJ, Fraser IS, Llewellyn-Jones D. Body weight, exercise and menstrual status among ballet dancers in training. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1982;89(7):507–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1982.tb03649.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dusek T. Influence of high intensity training on menstrual cycle disorders in athletes. Croat Med J. 2001;42(1):79–82.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Popat VB, Calis KA, Vanderhoof VH, et al. Bone mineral density in estrogen-deficient young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(7):2277–83. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1878.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pensgaard AM, Sundgot-Borgen J, Edwards C, Jacobsen AU, Mountjoy M. Intersection of mental health issues and relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs): a narrative review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on REDs. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(17):1127–35. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-106867.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Langbein RK, Martin D, Allen-Collinson J, Crust L, Jackman PC. “I’d got self-destruction down to a fine art”: a qualitative exploration of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) in endurance athletes. J Sports Sci. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1883312.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conviser JH, Tierney AS, Nickols R. Essentials for best practice: treatment approaches for athletes with eating disorders. J Clin Sport Psychol. 2018;12(4):495–507. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0013.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sundgot-Borgen J, Torstveit MK. Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(1):25–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200401000-00005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byrne S, McLean N. Elite athletes: effects of the pressure to be thin. J Sci Med Sport. 2002;5(2):80–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(02)80029-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Eeden AE, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW. Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2021;34(6):515–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000739.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Dahmen B. Children in need—Diagnostics, epidemiology, treatment and outcome of early onset anorexia nervosa. Nutrients. 2019;11(8):1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081932.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hay PJ. Understanding bulimia. Aust Fam Physician. 2007;36(9):708–712, 731.

Fogelholm M. Effects of bodyweight reduction on sports performance. Sports Med. 1994;18(4):249–67. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199418040-00004.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Traci Lyn Carson BTW Kendrin Sonneville, Ronald F Zernicke, Philippa Clarke, Sioban Harlow, Carrie Karvonen Gutierrez. Identifying relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) in runners. Br J Sports Med. 2023. https://blogs.bmj.com/bjsm/2023/02/13/identifying-relative-energy-deficiency-in-sport-red-s-in-runners/. Accessed 27 May 2024.

Sim A, Burns SF. Review: questionnaires as measures for low energy availability (LEA) and relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) in athletes. J Eat Disord. 2021;9(1):41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-021-00396-7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Melin A, Tornberg ÅB, Skouby S, et al. The LEAF questionnaire: a screening tool for the identification of female athletes at risk for the female athlete triad. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(7):540–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093240.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lane AR, Hackney AC, Smith-Ryan A, Kucera K, Registar-Mihalik J, Ondrak K. Prevalence of low energy availability in competitively trained male endurance athletes. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55100665.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, et al. 2023 International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs). Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(17):1073–98. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372: n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355: i4919. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4919.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Battista RA, Foster C, Davis J, Wright G. The female athlete triad in physically active college aged females. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche. 2012;171(1):35–43.