European Society of Trauma and Emergency Surgery (ESTES) SnapAppy Group. Manuscript Writing Group: Matteo Maria Cimino, Alan Biloslavo, Hayato Kurihara, Gabriele Bellio, Matteo Porta, Silvia Fattori, Gary Alan Bass. SnapAppy Steering Committee: Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care & Emergency Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA: Gary Alan Bass, Lewis J. Kaplan; Division of Trauma & Emergency Surgery, Orebro University Hospital and School of Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Sweden: Gary Alan Bass, Shahin Mohseni, Maximilian Peter Forssten, Arvid Pourlotfi, Éanna J. Ryan; Center for Perioperative Outcomes Research and Transformation (CPORT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA: Gary Alan Bass; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (LDI), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA: Gary Alan Bass; Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland: Éanna J. Ryan; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez de Huelva, Huelva, Spain: Isidro Martinez-Casas; Department of General Surgery, Trieste University Hospital, Trieste, Italy: Alan Biloslavo; Centro Hospitalar Tondela, Viseu, Portugal: Jorge Pereira; Helsinki University Hospital HUS Meilahden Tornisairaala, Helsinki, Finland: Matti Tolonen (Co-Chair); Department of Surgery, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden: Rebecka Ahl-Hulme; Department of Emergency Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano (MI), Italy: Hayato Kurihara; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden: Yang Cao; Corporal Michael Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA: Lewis J. Kaplan; Bahrain Defence Force-Royal Medical Services, Bahrain: Nayef Louri, Fatema Nedham, Thomas Noel Walsh, Jamal Hashem; King Hamad University Hospital, Bahrain: Martin Corbally, Abeer Farhan, Hamad Al Hamad, Rawan Elhennawy; Salmaniya Medical Complex, Bahrain: Mariam AlKooheji, Manar AlYusuf, Wissal Aknouche, Anas A. Zeidan, Yusuf S. Alsaffar; North Estonia Medical Center, Estonia: Edgar Lipping, Peep Talving, Sten Saar, Katrina Graumann, Liis Kibuspuu, Eduard Harkov; HUS Meilahden Tornisairaala, Finland: Gisele Aaltonen, Iines S. Sillman, Sami Haapanen; HUS Jorvin Sairaala, Finland: Hanna Lampela, Henna Sammalkorpi, Sofia Eskola, Altti Laakso; Hyvinkää Hospital Area, Finland: Johan Back, Ulla Kettunen, Antti M. Nummi, Anika Szwedyc, Taina Nykänen, Rolle Rantala; Oulun Yliopistollinen Sairaala, Finland: Elisa J. Mäkäräinen-Uhlbäck, Sanna A. Meriläinen, Heikki I. Huhta, Jukka M. J. Rintala, Kirsi E. M. Laitakari; Turku University Hospital, Finland: Elina Lietzen, Paulina Salminen, Risto K. A. Rapola; Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran: Vahid Zangouri, Mohammad Y. Karami, Sedigheh Tahmasebi, Majid Akrami, Alireza Golchini, Faranak Bahrami; Tullamore General Hospital, Ireland: Sean M. Johnston, Sean T. Lim, Irele Ifijeh Ahonkhai, Eltahir Eltagani, Odhran K. Ryan; St Vincent’s University Hospital, Ireland: Ailbhe O’Driscoll-Collins, Aine O’Neill, Zakiya Penny, Orlaith Kelly, Carolyn Cullinane, Ian Reynolds, Helen Heneghan, Sean Martin, Des Winter; Galway University Hospitals, Ireland: Matthew Davey, Maha Alkhattab, Aoife J. Lowery, Michael J. Kerin, Aisling M. Hogan, Martin S. Davey, Ke En Oh; Letterkenny University Hospital, Ireland: Syed Mohammad Umar Kabir, Huilun Huan, Charlotte Aziz, Michael Sugrue; University Hospital Waterford, Ireland: Jessica M. Ryan, Tara M. Connelly, Mohammad Alhazmi, Youssef Al-Mukhaizeem, Fiachra Cooke, Peter M. Neary; Beaumont Hospital, Ireland: Arnold D. K. Hill, Michael R. Boland, Angus J. Lloyd, Frances Fallon, Eoin F. Cleere, James Toale; Mayo University Hospital, Ireland: Patrick A. Boland, Michael Devine, Conor Keady, Sarah Hunter, M. Kevin Barry; Tallaght University Hospital, Ireland: Michael E. Kelly, Aidan T. O’Dowling, Ben Creavin, Dara O. Kavanagh, Paul Neary, Paul F. Ridgway, Cathleen A. McCarrick; St James’ University Hospital, Ireland: Jarlath Bolger, Barry Maguire, Cian Keogh, Surbhi Chawla; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Ireland: John Conneely, Emilie McCormack, Ben Shanahan, Nicola Raftery, Darragh Rice, Niall McInerney, Aine Stakelum, Jan Mares, Jonavan Tan, Mark Hanna, Ishwarya Balasubramanian, Christina Fleming; Soroka University Medical Center, Israel: Guy Barsky, Gad Shaked; Emergency Surgery and Trauma Section, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy: Simone Giudici, Martina Ceolin, Simona Mei, Francesca Mazzarella; Trieste University Hospital, Italy: Annalisa Zucca, Susanna Terranova, Nicolo de Manzini; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy: Diego Visconti, Emanuele Doria, Mauro Santarelli; San Maurizio Hospital, Bolzano, Italy: Giovanni Scotton, Francesca Notte, Giacomo Bertelli, Anna Malpaga, Giulia Armatura, Antonio Frena; Cisanello Hospital, University of Pisa, Italy: Dario Tartaglia, Federico Coccolini, Camilla Cremonini, Enrico Cicuttin, Alessio Mazzoni, Massimo Chiarugi; Centro Hospitalar Universitário da Cova da Beira, Portugal: Constança M. Azevedo, Filipa D. Mendes, Luis Q. Faria, Carlos Nazario, Daniela Machado, Miguel Semiao; Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu, Portugal: Jorge Pereira, Carlos Casimiro, Jose Pinto, Tiago Pavão, Raquel Pereira, Bruno Barbosa; Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal: Nadia Tenreiro, Catia Ferreira, Goncalo Guidi, Daniela C. Martins, Clara Leal, Bruno B. Vieira; North Lisbon University Hospital Center, Portugal: Luís S. Castro, Aldara Faria, Alberto Figueira, Mauro Sousa, Pedro Rodrigues, Rodrigo Roquette; Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Algarve – Hospital de Faro, Portugal: Ricardo Ribeiro, Paulo Cardoso, Joana Domingues, Maria Isabel Manso, Rute Pereira, Tatiana Revez; Ponderas Academic Hospital, Bucharest, Romania: Bogdan D. Dumbrava, Florin Turcu, Ionut Hutopila, Bogdana Banescu, Gerald Filip, Catalin Copaescu; Hospital Universitario Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spain: Marcos Alba Valmorisco, Isabel Manzano Martín, Rocio Martín García de Arboleya, José Ortega Seda, Pablo Rodríguez González, Jose Antonio Becerra Toro, Enrique Rodríguez Lara, Jose Antonio González Minchón; Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Spain: Juan José Segura-Sampedro, Sebastián Jerí-McFarlane, Alejandro Gil-Catalán, Andrea Craus-Miguel, Laura Fernández-Vega, Xavier González-Argenté; Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Spain: Mercedes Estaire-Gómez, Borja Camacho Fernández-Pacheco, Rebeca Vitón-Herrero, Elisa Jimenez-Higuera, Alejandro Barbero, José M. Valverde; Hospital Universitario Son Llàtzer, Spain: Enrique Colás-Ruiz, Maria del Mar Escales-Oliver, Olga Claramonte-Bellmunt, Marta Castro-Suárez, Naila Pagés-Valle, José Andrés Cifuentes-Ródenas; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Spain: Marta Merayo Alvarez, Jose Luis Michi Campos, Luis Alejandro García González, Beatriz Carrasco Aguilera, Jaime Iturbe Menéndez, Jose Luis Rodicio Miravalles; Infanta Sofía University Hospital, Spain: Carmen Rodríguez Haro, Sara Núñez O’Sullivan, Mariana García Virosta, María Hernández O’Reilly; Hospital Universitario de La Ribera, Spain: Izaskun Balciscueta-Coltell, Javier Lorenzo-Perez, Sonia Martinez-Alcaide, Susana Martinez-Ramos, Maria Sebastian-Fuertes, Laura Gomez-Romer; Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr Negrín, Spain: Maria M. Pelloni, Aida Cristina Rahy-Martín, Andrés Felipe Yepes-Cano; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Spain: Julio Reguera-Rosal, Jose A. Lopez-Ruiz, Beatriz Marenco, Marina Retamar-Gentil, Estela Romero-Vargas, Angeles Gil-Olarte; Urduliz Alfredo Espinosa Hospital, Spain: Aitor Landaluce-Olavarria, Begoña Estraviz-Mateos, Jose-Mario De Francisco-Rios, Aitor Sainz-Lete, Ane Emaldi-Abasolo, Manolo Leon-Valarezo; Donostia University Hospital, Spain: Claudia C. Lopes Moreira, Aintzane Lizarazu Perez, Araceli Rodriguez Gonzalez, Iñigo Augusto Ponce, Ignacio Maria Goena Iglesias; Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Spain: Cristina González-Prado, Guillermo Cabriada, Beatriz López, Michelle C. Otero, Nerea Muñoz-Plaza, Alberto Palomo; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Spain: Fernando Mendoza-Moreno, Manuel Díez-Alonso, Francisca García-Moreno-Nisa, Belén Matías-García, Enrique Ovejero-Merino, Ana Quiroga-Valcárcel; Elche University General Hospital, Alicante, Spain: Luis Sánchez-Guillén, Inmaculada Oller-Navarro, Álvaro Soler-Silva, Antonio Francisco Sanchís-López; Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Spain: Francisco Blanco-Antona, Luis Muñoz-Bellvis, Jaime López-Sánchez, Sonsoles Garrosa-Muñoz, Beatriz Barón-Salvador, Juan Manuel Nieto-Arranz; Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Spain: Andrea Campos-Serra, Raquel Gràcia-Roman, Anna Muñoz-Campaña, Carla Zerpa-Martin, Andrea Torrecilla-Portoles, Tessa Landa; Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Spain: Virginia Durán Muñoz-Cruzado, Felipe Pareja-Ciuró, Daniel Aparicio-Sánchez, Eduardo Perea del Pozo, Sandra Dios-Barbeito, Carlos García-Sánchez, Antonio Jesús García-Moriana; Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Spain: Victor Turrado-Rodriguez, Roser Termes-Serra, Paula Gonzalez-Atienza, Xavier Morales-Sevillano, Alba Torroella, César Ginestà; Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova, Spain: Alfredo Escartín, Ferney Gomez, Ana Pinillos, Jaume Ortega, Guillermo Lopez, Eric Gutierrez; Hospital Del Mar de Barcelona, Spain: Estela Membrilla-Fernandez, Francisco Ocho-Segarra, Ana María González-Castillo, Amalia Pelegrina-Manzano, Juan Guzmán-Ahumada, Juan Jose Sancho-Insenser; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Spain: María Lourdes García-Jiménez, Laura Castro-Diez, Manuel González-Bermúdez, Mónica Torres-Díaz, Carla Madarro Pena, Angélica Blanco Rodríguez; Örebro University Hospital, Sweden: Dhanisha Trivedi, Souheil Reda; Capio S:t Göran Hospital, Sweden: Hans Edvardsson, Lovisa Strömmer; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden: Eva-Corina Caragounis, Karin Sillén, Sofia Warfvinge; Sahlgrenska University Östra Hospital, Sweden: Fredrik Bergstedt, Philip Enström, Harald Olsson, Anders Rosemar; Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden: Nathalie Young, Agnieszka Popowicz, Johanna Lerström, Johanna Jäderbo, Folke Hammarqvist; Danderyds Hospital, Sweden: Hanna Zacharias; Karlstad Hospital, Sweden: Maria B. Wikström, Anna Stene Hurtsén; Östersund County Hospital, Sweden: Haytham Bayadsi, Emma Jansson, Nils Brunstrom, Ellen B. Malers; Linköping University Hospital, Sweden: Per I. Loftås, Anders Möller, Elena Atanasova; Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland: Simone N. Zwicky, Beat Schnüriger; Aintree University Hospital, United Kingdom: Olga Rutka, Arjun T. Kattakayam, Mushfique Alam, John V. Taylor; Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHSFT, United Kingdom: Andrei Mihailescu, Eszter T. Karip, Ehtisham Zeb, Adam O’Connor, Goran Pokusevski; Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton, United Kingdom: Mansoor Khan, Charlotte Florance, Christie Swaminathan, Shameen Jaunoo, Mohammed Sajid; University of Pennsylvania Hospital System, Philadelphia, United States of America: Caoimhe C. Duffy, John Rees, Mark J. Seamon, Niels D. Martin, Ian J. McCurry, Emily A. Vail, Bradford C. Bormann; Maine Medical Center, United States of America: Daniel C. Cullinane, Jaswin S. Sawhney, Jonathan Dreifus, Forest R. Sheppard; Riverside University Health System Medical Center, United States of America: Raul Coimbra, Paul Albini, Sara Edwards.