McInnes IB, Schett G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2205–19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanderson T, Morris M, Calnan M, Richards P, Hewlett S. Patient perspective of measuring treatment efficacy: The rheumatoid arthritis patient priorities for pharmacologic interventions outcomes. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:647–56.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vergne-Salle P, Pouplin S, Trouvin AP, Bera-Louville A, Soubrier M, Richez C, et al. The burden of pain in rheumatoid arthritis: Impact of disease activity and psychological factors. Eur J Pain. 2020;24:1979–89.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chakr RMDS, Brenol C, Ranzolin A, Bernardes A, Dalosto AP, Ferrari G, et al. As decisões de tratamento com DMARD na artrite reumatoide parecem ser influenciadas pela fibromialgia. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2017;57:403–11.

Article  Google Scholar 

Das D, Choy E. Non-inflammatory pain in inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology. 2023;62:2360–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagy G, Roodenrijs NMT, Welsing PMJ, Kedves M, Hamar A, Van Der Goes MC, et al. EULAR points to consider for the management of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81:20–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pickles T, Cowern M, Christensen R, Nielsen SM, Simon LS, Jones CMP, et al. Exploring the complexities of pain phenotypes: OMERACT 2023 chronic pain working group workshop. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2024;64:152342.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ten Klooster PM, De Graaf N, Vonkeman HE. Association between pain phenotype and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a non-interventional, longitudinal cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2019;21:257.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Walsh DA, McWilliams DF. Mechanisms, impact and management of pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10:581–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

IASP. Terminology | International Association for the Study of Pain. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP); 2021. https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/. Accessed 08/05/24

Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, Finnerup NB, Flor H, Gibson S, et al. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain. 2020;161:1976–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garland EL. Pain Processing in the Human Nervous System: A Selective Review of Nociceptive and Biobehavioral Pathways. Prim Care. 2012;39:561–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tracey I, Mantyh PW. The Cerebral Signature for Pain Perception and Its Modulation. Neuron. 2007;55:377–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Melzack R. From the gate to the neuromatrix. Pain. 1999;(Suppl 6):S121–6.

Ossipov MH, Morimura K, Porreca F. Descending pain modulation and chronification of pain. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2014;8:143–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nijs J, Lahousse A, Kapreli E, Bilika P, Saraçoğlu İ, Malfliet A, et al. Nociplastic Pain Criteria or Recognition of Central Sensitization? Pain Phenotyping in the Past, Present and Future. JCM. 2021;10:3203.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fitzcharles MA, Perrot S, Häuser W. Comorbid fibromyalgia: A qualitative review of prevalence and importance. Eur J Pain. 2018;22:1565–76.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murphy AE, Minhas D, Clauw DJ, Lee YC. Identifying and Managing Nociplastic Pain in Individuals With Rheumatic Diseases: A Narrative Review. Arthritis Care Res. 2023;75:2215–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Freynhagen R, Parada HA, Calderon-Ospina CA, Chen J, Rakhmawati Emril D, Fernández-Villacorta FJ, Franco H, Ho KY, Lara-Solares A, Li CC, Mimenza Alvarado A, Nimmaanrat S, Dolma Santos M, Ciampi de Andrade D. Current understanding of the mixed pain concept: a brief narrative review. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(6):1011–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2018.1552042.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Freynhagen R, Rey R, Argoff C. When to consider "mixed pain"? The right questions can make a difference! Curr Med Res Opin. 2020;36(12):2037–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2020.1832058.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo Q, Wang Y, Xu D, Nossent J, Pavlos NJ, Xu J. Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies. Bone Res. 2018;6:15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kidd BL, Urban LA. Mechanisms of inflammatory pain. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:3–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang A, Lee YC. Mechanisms for Joint Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): from Cytokines to Central Sensitization. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2018;16:603–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Biddle K, Sofat N. Understanding the Mechanisms of Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis. In: Hamdy A, Mohammed R, editors. Rheumatoid Arthritis - Other Perspectives towards a Better Practice. IntechOpen; 2020. https://www.intechopen.com/books/rheumatoid-arthritis-other-perspectives-towards-a-better-practice/understanding-the-mechanisms-of-pain-in-rheumatoid-arthritis. Accessed 07/05/24

Schaible H-G. Nociceptive neurons detect cytokines in arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16:470.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

St-Jacques B, Ma W. Peripheral prostaglandin E2 prolongs the sensitization of nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons possibly by facilitating the synthesis and anterograde axonal trafficking of EP4 receptors. Exp Neurol. 2014;261:354–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cunha TM, Verri WA, Schivo IR, Napimoga MH, Parada CA, Poole S, et al. Crucial role of neutrophils in the development of mechanical inflammatory hypernociception. J Leukoc Biol. 2008;83:824–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

NICE. Rheumatoid arthritis in adults: management. NICE; 2018. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng100. Accessed 27 Jun 2024

Pope JE, Choy EH. C-reactive protein and implications in rheumatoid arthritis and associated comorbidities. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51:219–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Demoruelle MK, Deane KD, Holers VM. When and where does inflammation begin in rheumatoid arthritis? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2014;26:64–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nam JL, Hunt L, Hensor EMA, Emery P. Enriching case selection for imminent RA: the use of anti-CCP antibodies in individuals with new non-specific musculoskeletal symptoms – a cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:1452–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bakshi N, Hart AL, Lee MC, Williams ACDC, Lackner JM, Norton C, et al. Chronic pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Pain. 2021;162:2466–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grasso MG. Chronic pain in multiple sclerosis: Is there also fibromyalgia? An observational study. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:758–66.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ostrowska M, Maśliński W, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Nieciecki M, Sudoł-Szopińska I. Cartilage and bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatologia. 2018;56:111–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar