Williams KP, Gillespie JJ, Sobral BWS, Nordberg EK, Snyder EE, Shallom JM, et al. Phylogeny of gammaproteobacteria. J Bacteriol. 2010;192:2305–14.

Guh AY, Bulens SN, Mu Y, Jacob JT, Reno J, Scott J, et al. Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 7 US communities, 2012-2013. JAMA. 2015;314:1479–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pitout JDD. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: A combination of virulence with antibiotic resistance. Front Microbiol. 2012;3:9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

D’Costa VM, King CE, Kalan L, Morar M, Sung WW, Schwarz C, et al. Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature. 2011;477:457–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paterson DL, Bonomo RA. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases: A clinical update. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18:657–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Livermore DM. β-Lactams: mode of action and mechanisms of bacterial resistance. Antibiot Lab Med. 1996;2:502–78.

Guiral E, Gonçalves Quiles M, Muñoz L, Moreno-Morales J, Alejo-Cancho I, Salvador P, et al. Emergence of resistance to quinolones and β-lactam antibiotics in enteroaggregative and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli causing traveler’s diarrhea. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 2019;63:e01745-18.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alheib O, Al Kayali R, Abajy MY. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants among extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Aleppo, Syria. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 2015;10:e20631.

Garrec H, Drieux-Rouzet L, Golmard JL, Jarlier V, Robert J. Comparison of nine phenotypic methods for detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production by enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:1048–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual (No. Ed. 2, pp. xxxviii+−1546). USA: University of Texas South Western Medical Center; 1989.

White PA, McIver CJ, Deng YM, Rawlinson WD. Characterisation of two new gene cassettes, aadA5 and dfrA17. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000;182:265–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ozgumus OB, Tosun I, Aydin F, Kilic AO. Horizontol dissemination of TEM-and SHV-typr beta-lactamase genes-carrying resistance plasmids amongst clonical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Braz J Microbiol. 2008;39:636–43.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kadry AA, El-Antrawy MA, El-Ganiny AM. Management of clinical infections of Escherichia coli by new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Iranian. J Microbiol. 2022;14:466–74.

Google Scholar 

Kadry AA, El-Antrawy MA, El-Ganiny AM. Impact of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on antimicrobial activity of new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations and on virulence of Escherichia coli isolates. J Antibiotics. 2023;76:225–35.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gad AH. The Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant E. Coli which Produce ESBL and Cause Urinary Tract Infections. J Appl Microbiol. 2017;1:8.

Google Scholar 

M Al-Kashef N, A Al-sayed M, A Kadry A, M El-Ganiny A. Extended spectrum β-Lactamase production and the Co-existed antibiotic resistance among Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Zagazig J Pharm Sci. 2018;27:64–72.

Article  Google Scholar 

Morsi SS, Tash RME. Virulence Determinants among Extended-Spectrum B-Lactamases producers of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates In Zagagig University Hospitals, Egypt. Egyptian J Med Microbiol. 2016;25:101–8.

Cunha BA, Gran A, Raza M. Persistent extended-spectrum β-lactamase-positive Escherichia coli chronic prostatitis successfully treated with a combination of fosfomycin and doxycycline. Int J Antimicrobial Agents. 2015;45:427–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Abdul Rahim N, Cheah SE, Johnson MD, Yu H, Sidjabat HE, Boyce J, et al. Synergistic killing of NDM-producing MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae by two ‘old’antibiotics—polymyxin B and chloramphenicol. J Antimicrobial Chemother. 2015;70:2589–97.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Aladag M, Durak Y. Investigation of some antibiotic susceptibilities, plasmid profiles and ESBL characteristics of K. pneumoniae isolated from urinary system infections. World Appl Sci J. 2009;6:630–6.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Daini O, Adesemowo A. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and R-plasmids of clinical strains of Escherichia coli. Aust J Basic Appl Sci. 2008;2:397–400.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Helfand MS, Bonomo RA. Current challenges in antimicrobial chemotherapy: the impact of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and metallo-β-lactamases on the treatment of resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2005;5:452–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Souza Lopes AC, Rodrigues JF, de Morais Júnior MA. Molecular typing of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from public hospitals in Recife, Brazil. Microbiological Res. 2005;160:37–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gangoué-Piéboji J, Bedenic B, Koulla-Shiro S, Randegger C, Adiogo D, Ngassam P, et al. Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Yaounde, Cameroon. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:3273–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yhiler NY, Bassey BE, Paul IE, Francis UM, Anne A, Okocha-Ejeko A. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase production and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance among lactose non-fermenting nterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry sources in Calabar, Nigeria. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2019;13:400–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang H, Chen H, Yang Q, Chen M, Wang H. High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes qnr and aac (6′)-Ib-cr in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae from nine teaching hospitals in China. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 2008;52:4268–73.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Valadbeigi H, HatamiLak M, Maleki A, Kouhsari E, Sadeghifard N. Molecular characteristics, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and antibiotic resistance determinants in uropathogenic fluoroquinolone resistant-Escherichia coli isolates. Gene Rep. 2020;18:100584.

Article  Google Scholar 

Poirel L, Leviandier C, Nordmann P. Prevalence and genetic analysis of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants QnrA and QnrS in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from a French university hospital. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 2006;50:3992–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Silva-Sanchez J, Barrios H, Reyna-Flores F, Bello-Diaz M, Sanchez-Perez A, Rojas T, et al. Prevalence and characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone Resistance genes in extended-Spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Mexico. Microb Drug Resistance. 2011;17:497–505.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kraychete GB, Botelho LAB, Campana EH, Picão RC, Bonelli RR. Updated multiplex PCR for detection of all six plasmid-mediated qnr gene families. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016;60:7524–6.

Cattoir V, Poirel L, Rotimi V, Soussy CJ, Nordmann P. Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes in ESBL-producing enterobacterial isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:394–7.