Gorelick, P. B. & Alter, M. (eds.) Handbook of Neuroepidemiology (Marcel Dekker, 1994). 

McGuire, V., Longstreth, W. T., Koepsell, T. D. & van Belle, G. Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in three counties in Western Washington state. Neurology 47, 571–573 (1996).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abhinav, K. et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in South-East England: a population-based study. Neuroepidemiology 29, 44–48 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chio, A. et al. Epidemiology of ALS in Italy: a 10-year prospective population-based study. Neurology 72, 725–731 (2009).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vázquez, M. C. et al. Incidence and prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Uruguay: a population-based study. Neuroepidemiology 30, 105–111 (2008).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mehta, P. et al. Prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis — United States, 2015. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 67, 1285–1289 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Traynor, B. J. et al. Incidence and prevalence of ALS in Ireland, 1995-1997: a population-based study. Neurology 52, 504 (1999).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Atsuta, N. et al. Age at onset influences on wide-ranged clinical features of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 276, 163–169 (2009).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nalini, A., Thennarasu, K., Gourie-Devi, M., Shenoy, S. & Kulshreshtha, D. Clinical characteristics and survival pattern of 1153 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: experience over 30 years from India. J. Neurol. Sci. 272, 60–70 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masrori, P. & Van Damme, P. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical review. Eur. J. Neurol. 27, 1918–1929 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Turner, M. R. et al. The diagnostic pathway and prognosis in bulbar-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 294, 81–85 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang, H., Chen, L., Tian, J. & Fan, D. Disease duration of progression is helpful in identifying isolated bulbar palsy of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 21, 405 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kiernan, M. C. et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 377, 942–955 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strong, M. J. et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTSD): revised diagnostic criteria. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Front. Degener. 18, 153–174 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Chio, A., Calvo, A., Moglia, C., Mazzini, L. & Mora, G. Phenotypic heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population based study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 82, 740–746 (2011).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eisen, A. & Krieger, C. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a Synthesis of Research and Clinical Practice (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).

McCombe, P. A. & Henderson, R. D. Effects of gender in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Gend. Med. 7, 557–570 (2010).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vlassoff, C. Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 25, 47–61 (2007).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taylor, J. P., Brown, R. H. & Cleveland, D. W. Decoding ALS: from genes to mechanism. Nature 539, 197–206 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pape, J. A. & Grose, J. H. The effects of diet and sex in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Rev. Neurol. 176, 301–315 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trojsi, F., D’Alvano, G., Bonavita, S. & Tedeschi, G. Genetics and sex in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): is there a link? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 3647 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mehta, P. et al. Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the United States, 2014-2016. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener. 23, 378–382 (2022).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jun, K. Y. et al. Epidemiology of ALS in Korea using nationwide big data. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 90, 395–403 (2019).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shahrizaila, N. et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and motor neuron syndromes in Asia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 87, 821–830 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manjaly, Z. R. et al. The sex ratio in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population based study. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. 11, 439–442 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marin, B., Gil, J., Preux, P. M., Funalot, B. & Couratier, P. Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the Limousin region of France, 1997–2007. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. 10, 216–220 (2009).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wolfson, C., Gauvin, D. E., Ishola, F. & Oskoui, M. Global prevalence and incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review. Neurology 101, e613–e623 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown, C. A., Lally, C., Kupelian, V. & Flanders, W. D. Estimated prevalence and incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and SOD1 and C9orf72 genetic variants. Neuroepidemiology 55, 342–353 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chiò, A. et al. Secular trends of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the Piemonte and Valle d’Aosta Register. JAMA Neurol. 74, 1097–1104 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Newell, M. E., Adhikari, S. & Halden, R. U. Systematic and state-of the science review of the role of environmental factors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig’s disease. Sci. Total Environ. 817, 152504 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andrew, A. S. et al. Risk factors for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a regional United States case-control study. Muscle Nerve 63, 52–59 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goutman, S. A. et al. Avocational exposure associations with ALS risk, survival, and phenotype: a Michigan-based case-control study. J. Neurol. Sci. 457, 122899 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walhout, R., Verstraete, E., van den Heuvel, M. P., Veldink, J. H. & van den Berg, L. H. Patterns of symptom development in patients with motor neuron disease. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Frontotemporal Degener. 19, 21–28 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feldman, E. L. et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 400, 1363–1380 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swinnen, B. & Robberecht, W. The phenotypic variability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10, 661–670 (2014).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar