Ageing and health. The World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health.

Understanding the dynamics of the aging process. National Institute on Aging (NIA). https://www.nia.nih.gov/about/aging-strategic-directions-research/understanding-dynamics-aging).

Epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. https://adr.usrds.org/. US Renal Data System.

Merchant, A. A. & Ling, E. An approach to treating older adults with chronic kidney disease. CMAJ 195, E612–E618 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 395, 709–733 (2020).

Alfano, G. et al. Rethinking chronic kidney disease in the aging population. Life 12, 1724 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moist, L. M. et al. Canadian Organ Replacement Register (CORR): reflecting the past and embracing the future. Can. J. Kidney Health Dis. 1, 26 (2014).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pecoits-Filho, R. et al. Capturing and monitoring global differences in untreated and treated end-stage kidney disease, kidney replacement therapy modality, and outcomes. Kidney Int. Suppl. 10, e3–e9 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Liyanage, T. et al. Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review. Lancet 385, 1975–1982 (2015).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thurlow, J. S. et al. Global epidemiology of end-stage kidney disease and disparities in kidney replacement therapy. Am. J. Nephrol. 52, 98–107 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denic, A. et al. Single-nephron glomerular filtration rate in healthy adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 376, 2349–2357 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Denic, A. et al. The substantial loss of nephrons in healthy human kidneys with aging. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 28, 313–320 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denic, A., Glassock, R. J. & Rule, A. D. The kidney in normal aging: a comparison with chronic kidney disease. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17, 137–139 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Epstein, M. Aging and the kidney. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 7, 1106–1122 (1996).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou, X. J. et al. The aging kidney. Kidney Int. 74, 710–720 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weinstein, J. R. & Anderson, S. The aging kidney: physiological changes. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 17, 302–307 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang, X. et al. Age, kidney function, and risk factors associate differently with cortical and medullary volumes of the kidney. Kidney Int. 85, 677–685 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denic, A., Glassock, R. J. & Rule, A. D. Structural and functional changes with the aging kidney. Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis. 23, 19–28 (2016).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nitta, K., Okada, K., Yanai, M. & Takahashi, S. Aging and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Blood Press. Res. 38, 109–120 (2013).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Satoh, M. et al. Mitochondrial damage-induced impairment of angiogenesis in the aging rat kidney. Lab. Invest. 91, 190–202 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindeman, R. D., Tobin, J. & Shock, N. W. Longitudinal studies on the rate of decline in renal function with age. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 33, 278–285 (1985).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davies, D. F. & Shock, N. W. Age changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and tubular excretory capacity in adult males. J. Clin. Invest. 29, 496–507 (1950).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poggio, E. D. et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with glomerular filtration rates in living kidney donors. Kidney Int. 75, 1079–1087 (2009).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berg, U. B. Differences in decline in GFR with age between males and females. Reference data on clearances of inulin and PAH in potential kidney donors. Nephrol. Dial. Transpl. 21, 2577–2582 (2006).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Messerli, F. H. et al. Essential hypertension in the elderly: haemodynamics, intravascular volume, plasma renin activity, and circulating catecholamine levels. Lancet 2, 983–986 (1983).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luft, F. C., Grim, C. E., Fineberg, N. & Weinberger, M. C. Effects of volume expansion and contraction in normotensive whites, blacks, and subjects of different ages. Circulation 59, 643–650 (1979).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmitt, R. & Melk, A. Molecular mechanisms of renal aging. Kidney Int. 92, 569–579 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franzin, R. et al. Targeting premature renal aging: from molecular mechanisms of cellular senescence to senolytic trials. Front. Pharmacol. 12, 630419 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lorenz, E. C. et al. Frailty in CKD and transplantation. Kidney Int. Rep. 6, 2270–2280 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buta, B. J. et al. Frailty assessment instruments: systematic characterization of the uses and contexts of highly-cited instruments. Ageing Res. Rev. 26, 53–61 (2016).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fried, L. P. et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 56, M146–156, (2001).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shlipak, M. G. et al. The presence of frailty in elderly persons with chronic renal insufficiency. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 43, 861–867 (2004).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ballew, S. H. et al. Frailty, kidney function, and polypharmacy: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 69, 228–236 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilhelm-Leen, E. R., Hall, Y. N., M, K. T. & Chertow, G. M. Frailty and chronic kidney disease: the Third National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey. Am. J. Med. 122, 664–671.e662 (2009).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Roshanravan, B. et al. A prospective study of frailty in nephrology-referred patients with CKD. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 60, 912–921 (2012).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McAdams-DeMarco, M. A. et al. Frailty as a novel predictor of mortality and hospitalization in individuals of all ages undergoing hemodialysis. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 61, 896–901 (2013).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central