Hauso O, Gustafsson BI, Kidd M, et al. Neuroendocrine tumor epidemiology: contrasting Norway and North America. Cancer. 2008;113:2655–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yao JC, Hassan M, Phan A, et al. One hundred years after “carcinoid”: epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3063–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Obernforfer S. Karzinoide tumoren desn dunndarms. Frankfurt Z Path. 1907;1:426–32.

Google Scholar 

Capella C, Heitz PU, Höfler H, Solcia E, Klöppel G. Revised classification of neuroendocrine tumours of the lung, pancreas and gut. Virchows Arch. 1995;425:547–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Japanese Neuroendocrine Tumors Society (JNETS). Clinical practice guidelines for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN). Kanehara Inc.; 2019. p. 103–4.

Google Scholar 

Rindi G, Luinetti O, Cornaggia M, et al. Three subtypes of gastric argyrophil carcinoid and the gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study. Gastroenterology. 1993;104:994–1006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Modlin IM, Kidd M, Latich I, et al. Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:1717–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Panzuto F, Campana D, Massironi S, et al. Tumour type and size are prognostic factors in gastric neuroendocrine neoplasia: a multicentre retrospective study. Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51:1456–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Delle Fave G, O’Toole D, Sundin A, et al. Vienna consensus conference participants. ENETS consensus guidelines update for gastroduodenal neuroendocrine neoplasms. Neuroendocrinology. 2016;103:119–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janson ET, Knigge U, Dam G, Federspiel B, Grønbaek H, Stålberg P, Langer SW, Kjaer A, Arola J, Schalin-Jäntti C, Sundin A, Welin S, Thiis-Evensen E, Sorbye H. Nordic guidelines 2021 for diagnosis and treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Acta Oncol. 2021;60:931–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deprez PH, Moons LMG, Oʼ Toole D, et al. Endoscopic management of subepithelial lesions including neuroendocrine neoplasms: European society of gastrointestinal endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy. 2022;54:412–29.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Panzuto F, Ramage J, Pritchard DM, et al. European neuroendocrine tumor society (ENETS) 2023 guidance paper for gastroduodenal neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) G1–G3. J Neuroendocrinol. 2023;35: e13306.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faulx AL, Kothari S, Acosta RD, Standards of Practice Committee, et al. The role of endoscopy in subepithelial lesions of the GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:1117–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rindi G, Bordi C, Rappel S, et al. Gastric carcinoids and neuroendocrine carcinomas: pathogenesis, pathology, and behavior. World J Surg. 1996;20:168–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Basuroy R, Srirajaskanthan R, Prachalias A, et al. Review article: the investigation and management of gastric neuroendocrine tumours. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39:1071–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Domori K, Nishikura K, Ajioka Y, et al. Mucin phenotype expression of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms: analysis of histopathology and carcinogenesis. Gastric Cancer. 2014;17:263–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma: 3rd english edition. Gastric Cancer. 2011;14:101–12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rindi G, Klöppel G, Alhman H, et al. All other frascati consensus conference participants; European neuroendocrine tumor society (ENETS) TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch. 2006;449:395–401.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rindi G, Arnold R, Bosman FT, et al. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC Press; 2010. p. 13–4.

Google Scholar 

Köseoğlu H, Duzenli T, Sezikli M. Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms: a review. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9:7973–85.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Modlin IM, Zucker KA, Zdon MJ, et al. Characteristics of the spontaneous gastric endocrine tumor of mastomys. J Surg Res. 1988;44:205–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bilchik AJ, Nilsson O, Modlin IM, et al. H2-receptor blockade induces peptide YY and enteroglucagon-secreting gastric carcinoids in mastomys. Surgery. 1989;106:1119–26.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Modlin IM, Nangia AK. The pathobiology of the human enterochromaffin-like cell. Yale J Biol Med. 1992;65:775–92.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwon YH, Jeon SW, Kim GH, et al. Long-term follow up of endoscopic resection for type 3 gastric NET. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:8703–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Min BH, Hong M, Lee JH, et al. Clinicopathological features and outcome of type 3 gastric neuroendocrine tumours. Br J Surg. 2018;105:1480–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lahner E, Pilozzi E, Esposito G, et al. Gastric carcinoid in the absence of atrophic body gastritis and with low Ki67 index: a clinical challenge. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014;49:506–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scherübl H, Cadiot G, Jensen RT, et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach (gastric carcinoids) are on the rise: small tumors, small problems? Endoscopy. 2010;42:664–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh R, Yao K, Anagnostopoulos G, et al. Microcarcinoid tumor diagnosed with high-resolution magnification endoscopy and narrow band imaging. Endoscopy. 2008;40(Suppl 2):E12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirai M, Matsumoto K, Ueyama H, et al. A case of neuroendocrine tumor G1 with unique histopathological growth progress. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;5:605–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rappel S, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Stolte M. Prognosis of gastric carcinoid tumours. Digestion. 1995;56:455–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kunz PL, Reidy-Lagunes D, Anthony LB, et al. North American neuroendocrine tumor society consensus guidelines for the management and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas. 2013;42:557–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar