Institute of Medicine, National Research Council Committee to Reexamine IOMPWG. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL, editors. Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) National Academy of Sciences. 2009. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20669500/

Rogozinska E, Zamora J, Marlin N, Betran AP, Astrup A, Bogaerts A, et al. Gestational weight gain outside the Institute of Medicine recommendations and adverse pregnancy outcomes: analysis using individual participant data from randomised trials. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:322.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nagpal TS, Souza SCS, Moffat M, Hayes L, Nuyts T, Liu RH, et al. Does prepregnancy weight change have an effect on subsequent pregnancy health outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2022;23:e13324.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldstein RF, Abell SK, Ranasinha S, Misso M, Boyle JA, Black MH, et al. Association of gestational weight gain with maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama. 2017;317:2207–25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schmitt NM, Nicholson WK, Schmitt J. The association of pregnancy and the development of obesity - results of a systematic review and meta-analysis on the natural history of postpartum weight retention. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31:1642–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hutchins F, Krafty R, El Khoudary SR, Catov J, Colvin A, Barinas-Mitchell E, et al. Gestational weight gain and long-term maternal obesity risk: a multiple-bias analysis. Epidemiology. 2021;32:248–58.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hill B, Bergmeier H, McPhie S, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Teede H, Forster D, et al. Is parity a risk factor for excessive weight gain during pregnancy and postpartum weight retention? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2017;18:755–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Euro-Peristat Project. European Perinatal Health Report. Core indicators of the health and care of pregnancy women and babies in Europe in 2015.; 2018 November 2018. https://www.europeristat.com/images/EPHR2015_Euro-Peristat.pdf

Studiecentrum voor Perinatale Epidemiologie. Perinatale gezondheid in Vlaanderen Jaar 2022. Belgium: SPE. 2022. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01HFXKVPK9MHYJSMCV7GYX3VGE

Devlieger R, Ameye L, Nuyts T, Goemaes R, Bogaerts A. Reappraisal of gestational weight gain recommendations in obese pregnant women: a population-based study of 337,590 births. Obes Facts. 2020;13:333–48.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bazzazian S, Riazi H, Vafa M, Mahmoodi Z, Nasiri M, Mokhtaryan-Gilani T, et al. The relationship between depression, stress, anxiety, and postpartum weight retention: a systematic review. J Educ Health Promot. 2021;10:230.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Uytsel H, Ameye L, Devlieger R, Bijlholt M, Jacquemyn Y, Catry V, et al. Mental health after childbirth and the impact on postpartum weight retention and body composition. Data from the INTER-ACT randomized controlled trial. Clin Obes. 2022;12:e12550.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bijlholt M, Van Uytsel H, Ameye L, Devlieger R, Bogaerts A. Eating behaviors in relation to gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2020;21:e13047.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bijlholt M, Ameye L, van Uytsel H, Devlieger R, Bogaerts A. Evolution of postpartum weight and body composition after excessive gestational weight gain: the role of lifestyle behaviors-data from the INTER-ACT control group. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:6344.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bogaerts A, De Baetselier E, Ameye L, Dilles T, Van Rompaey B, Devlieger R. Postpartum weight trajectories in overweight and lean women. Midwifery. 2017;49:134–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wallace JM, Bhattacharya S, Horgan GW. Weight change across the start of three consecutive pregnancies and the risk of maternal morbidity and SGA birth at the second and third pregnancy. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0179589.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teulings N, Masconi KL, Ozanne SE, Aiken CE, Wood AM. Effect of interpregnancy weight change on perinatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:386.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Timmermans YEG, van de Kant KDG, Oosterman EO, Spaanderman MEA, Villamor-Martinez E, Kleijnen J, et al. The impact of interpregnancy weight change on perinatal outcomes in women and their children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2020;21:e12974.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oteng-Ntim E, Mononen S, Sawicki O, Seed PT, Bick D, Poston L. Interpregnancy weight change and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e018778.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Voerman E, Santos S, Patro Golab B, Amiano P, Ballester F, Barros H, et al. Maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, and the risk of overweight and obesity across childhood: an individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16:e1002744.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adane AA, Dobson A, Tooth L, Mishra GD. Maternal preconception weight trajectories are associated with offsprings’ childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018;42:1265–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ziauddeen N, Huang JY, Taylor E, Roderick PJ, Godfrey KM, Alwan NA. Interpregnancy weight gain and childhood obesity: analysis of a UK population-based cohort. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46:211–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bogaerts A, Van den Bergh BR, Ameye L, Witters I, Martens E, Timmerman D, et al. Interpregnancy weight change and risk for adverse perinatal outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122:999–1009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Study Center for Perinatal Epidemiology (SPE). Flanders, Belgium. Available from: https://www.zorg-en-gezondheid.be/belangrijkste-trends-in-geboorte-en-bevalling.

Opgroeien. Flanders, Belgium. Available from: https://www.opgroeien.be/.

Bogaerts A, Ameye L, Bijlholt M, Amuli K, Heynickx D, Devlieger R. INTER-ACT: prevention of pregnancy complications through an e-health driven interpregnancy lifestyle intervention - study protocol of a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17:154.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organisation. WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-Forage: Methods and Development. World Health Organisation. 2006. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/924154693X

Cole TJ, Lobstein T. Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2012;7:284–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ancoppenolle D, Colaert K, Cloots H, Roelants M. De gewichtsstatus van kinderen en jongeren in Vlaanderen. 2020 https://www.opgroeien.be/sites/default/files/documenten/rapportbmi.pdf.

Wang X, Martinez MP, Chow T, Xiang AH. BMI growth trajectory from ages 2 to 6 years and its association with maternal obesity, diabetes during pregnancy, gestational weight gain, and breastfeeding. Pediatr Obes. 2020;15:e12579.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu J, Ding N, Zhen S, Liu Y, Wen D. Who is more likely to be obese or overweight among siblings? A nationally representative study in rural China. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0187693.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pachucki MC, Lovenheim MF, Harding M. Within-family obesity associations: evaluation of parent, child, and sibling relationships. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47:382–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaul P, Bowker SL, Savu A, Yeung RO, Donovan LE, Ryan EA. Association between maternal diabetes, being large for gestational age and breast-feeding on being overweight or obese in childhood. Diabetologia. 2019;62:249–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woo Baidal JA, Locks LM, Cheng ER, Blake-Lamb TL, Perkins ME, Taveras EM. Risk factors for childhood obesity in the first 1000 days: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50:761–79.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heslehurst N, Vieira R, Akhter Z, Bailey H, Slack E, Ngongalah L, et al. The association between maternal body mass index and child obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2019;16:e1002817.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cnattingius S, Villamor E, Lagerros YT, Wikström AK, Granath F. High birth weight and obesity-a vicious circle across generations. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36:1320–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed