NMPA Project Team. National Maternity and Perinatal Audit: Clinical Report 2022. London: RCOG; 2017.

Koletzko B, Brands B, Chourdakis M, Cramer S, Grote V, Hellmuth C, et al. The power of programming and the EarlyNutrition project: opportunities for health promotion by nutrition during the first thousand days of life and beyond. Ann Nutr Metab. 2014;64:187–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poston L, Godfrey K, Gluckman P, Hanson M. Developmental origins of health and disease: Cambridge University Press; 2022.

Kereliuk SM, Dolinsky VW. Recent experimental studies of maternal obesity, diabetes during pregnancy and the developmental origins of cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:4467.

Menting MD, Mintjens S, van de Beek C, Frick CJ, Ozanne SE, Limpens J, et al. Maternal obesity in pregnancy impacts offspring cardiometabolic health: systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Obes Rev. 2019;20:675–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beeson JH, Blackmore HL, Carr SK, Dearden L, Duque-Guimaraes DE, Kusinski LC, et al. Maternal exercise intervention in obese pregnancy improves the cardiovascular health of the adult male offspring. Mol Metab. 2018;16:35–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinckard KM, Félix-Soriano E, Hamilton S, Terentyeva R, Baer LA, Wright KR, et al. Maternal exercise preserves offspring cardiovascular health via oxidative regulation of the ryanodine receptor. Mol Metab. 2024;82:101914.

Razaz N, Villamor E, Muraca GM, Bonamy AE, Cnattingius S. Maternal obesity and risk of cardiovascular diseases in offspring: a population-based cohort and sibling-controlled study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8:572–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reynolds RM, Allan KM, Raja EA, Bhattacharya S, McNeill G, Hannaford PC, et al. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and premature mortality from cardiovascular event in adult offspring: follow-up of 1 323 275 person years. BMJ. 2013;347:f4539.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kankowski L, Ardissino M, McCracken C, Lewandowski AJ, Leeson P, Neubauer S, et al. The impact of maternal obesity on offspring cardiovascular health: a systematic literature review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:868441.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

den Harink T, Roelofs MJM, Limpens J, Painter RC, Roseboom TJ, van Deutekom AW. Maternal obesity in pregnancy and children’s cardiac function and structure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from human studies. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0275236.

Article  Google Scholar 

Groves AM, Price AN, Russell-Webster T, Jhaveri S, Yang Y, Battersby EE, et al. Impact of maternal obesity on neonatal heart rate and cardiac size. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2022;107:481–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lamata P, Battersby E, Jhaveri S, Stern K, Cohen J, Yang Y, et al., editors. Impact of Maternal Obesity on Heart Shape in Newborns: MRI Cardiac Atlasing in neonates. DOHaD World Congress; 2022; Vancouver, Canada.

Taylor PD, Gu H, Saunders H, Fiori F, Dalrymple KV, Sethupathi P, et al. Lifestyle intervention in obese pregnancy and cardiac remodelling in 3-year olds: children of the UPBEAT RCT. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46:2145–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

May LE, McDonald S, Stewart C, Newton E, Isler C, Steed D, et al. Influence of supervised maternal aerobic exercise during pregnancy on 1-month-old neonatal cardiac function and outflow: a pilot study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023;55:1977–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mutsaerts MA, van Oers AM, Groen H, Burggraaff JM, Kuchenbecker WK, Perquin DA, et al. Randomized trial of a lifestyle program in obese infertile women. N. Engl J Med. 2016;374:1942–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mutsaerts MAQ, Groen H, ter Bogt NCW, Bolster JHT, Land JA, Bemelmans WJE, et al. The lifestyle study: costs and effects of a structured lifestyle program in overweight and obese subfertile women to reduce the need for fertility treatment and improve reproductive outcome. A randomised controlled trial. BMC Women’s Health. 2010;10:22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Briley AL, Barr S, Badger S, Bell R, Croker H, Godfrey KM, et al. A complex intervention to improve pregnancy outcome in obese women; the UPBEAT randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:74.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poston L, Bell R, Croker H, Flynn AC, Godfrey KM, Goff L, et al. Effect of a behavioural intervention in obese pregnant women (the UPBEAT study): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:767–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moholdt TT, Salvesen K, Ingul CB, Vik T, Oken E, Mørkved S. Exercise training in pregnancy for obese women (ETIP): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2011;12:154.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garnaes KK, Morkved S, Salvesen O, Moholdt T. Exercise training and weight gain in obese pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial (ETIP Trial). PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1002079.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vinter CA, Jensen DM, Ovesen P, Beck-Nielsen H, Jorgensen JS. The LiP (Lifestyle in Pregnancy) study: a randomized controlled trial of lifestyle intervention in 360 obese pregnant women. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2502–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hanssen H, Moholdt T, Bahls M, Biffi A, Siegrist M, Lewandowski AJ, et al. Lifestyle interventions to change trajectories of obesity-related cardiovascular risk from childhood onset to manifestation in adulthood: a joint scientific statement of the task force for childhood health of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology and the European Childhood Obesity Group. Eur J Prevent Cardiol. 2023;30:1462–72.

Article  Google Scholar 

Weintraub WS, Daniels SR, Burke LE, Franklin BA, Goff DC Jr, Hayman LL, et al. Value of primordial and primary prevention for cardiovascular disease: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;124:967–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan—a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5:210.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Study Quality Assessment Tools: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools.

Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dalrymple KV, Tydeman FAS, Taylor PD, Flynn AC, O’Keeffe M, Briley AL, et al. Adiposity and cardiovascular outcomes in three-year-old children of participants in UPBEAT, an RCT of a complex intervention in pregnant women with obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2021;16:e12725.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

den Harink T, Blom NA, Gemke R, Groen H, Hoek A, Mol BWJ, et al. Preconception lifestyle intervention in women with obesity and echocardiographic indices of cardiovascular health in their children. Int J Obes (Lond). 2022;46:1262–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

den Harink T, Schuppen J, Marciniak M, Voet KA, Planken RN, Hoek A, et al. A preconception lifestyle intervention in women with obesity and cardiovascular health in their children. Pediatr Res. 2023;94:313–20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mintjens S, van Poppel MNM, Groen H, Hoek A, Mol BW, Painter RC, et al. The effects of a preconception lifestyle intervention on childhood cardiometabolic health-follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Cells. 2022;11:41.

Nyrnes SA, Garnaes KK, Salvesen O, Timilsina AS, Moholdt T, Ingul CB. Cardiac function in newborns of obese women and the effect of exercise during pregnancy. A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0197334.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tanvig M, Vinter CA, Jorgensen JS, Wehberg S, Ovesen PG, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Effects of lifestyle intervention in pregnancy and anthropometrics at birth on offspring metabolic profile at 2.8 years: results from the Lifestyle in Pregnancy and Offspring (LiPO) study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:175–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewandowski AJ, Augustine D, Lamata P, Davis EF, Lazdam M, Francis J, et al. Preterm heart in adult life: cardiovascular magnetic resonance reveals distinct differences in left ventricular mass, geometry, and function. Circulation. 2013;127:197–206.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marciniak M, van Deutekom AW, Toemen L, Lewandowski AJ, Gaillard R, Young AA, et al. A three-dimensional atlas of child’s cardiac anatomy and the unique morphological alterations associated with obesity. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;23:1645–53.

Article