Daniel Kazdal, Petros Christopoulos, Peter Schirmacher, Martina Kirchner, Jan Budczies, Solange Peters, Rajiv Shah, Thorsten Stiewe, Albrecht Stenzinger, and Michael Thomas report the following details of their affiliation or involvement with any organisation or entity that has a financial or non-financial interest in the topic or material covered in this manuscript: Daniel Kazdal reports personal fees for speaker’s honoraria from AstraZeneca, and Pfizer, personal fees for Advisory Board from Bristol-Myers Squibb, outside the submitted work. Petros Christopoulos has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Roche, and Takeda, speaker’s honoraria from AstraZeneca, Janssen, Novartis, Roche, Pfizer, Thermo Fisher, Takeda, support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda, and personal fees for participating to advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Pfizer, Novartis, MSD, Takeda and Roche, all outside the submitted work. Peter Schirmacher reports personal fees for speaker honoraria BMS, grants from BMS, AstraZeneca, MSD, and boards from BMS, AstraZeneca, MSD, outside the submitted work. Martina Kirchner has received personal fees for speaker’s honoraria and support for attending meetings or travel from Veracyte Inc., outside the submitted work. Jan Budczies reports grants from German Cancer Aid and consulting from MSD, outside the submitted work. Solange Peters reports grants or research support from Amgen, Arcus, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GSK, iTeos, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Mirati, Pharma Mar, Promontory Therapeutics, Roche/Genentech, Seattle Genetics, provided consultation and attended advisory boards from AbbVie, Amgen, Arcus, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beigene, BerGenBio, Biocartis, BioInvent, Blueprint Medicines, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Clovis, Daiichi Sankyo, Debiopharm, Eli Lilly, F-Star, Fishawack, Foundation Medicine, Galenica, Genzyme, Gilead, GSK, Hutchmed, Illumina, Incyte, Ipsen, iTeos, Janssen, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Merck Serono, Merrimack, Mirati, Nykode Therapeutics, Novartis, Novocure, Pharma Mar, Promontory Therapeutics, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi, Seattle Genetics, Takeda, and personal fees for speaker’s honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Foundation Medicine, GSK, Illumina, Ipsen, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Mirati, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi, Takeda, outside the submitted work. Rajiv Shah has received grants from Bristol Myers-Sqiubb and personal fees for speaker’s honoraria from AstraZeneca, Roche, outside the submitted work. Thorsten Stiewe reports grants from German Centre for Lung Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Deutsche Krebshilfe, outside the submitted work. Albrecht Stenzinger has received advisory boards from Agilent, Aignostics, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, BMS, Eli Lilly, Illumina, Incyte, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Qlucore, Roche, Seagen, Takeda, Thermo Fisher, and grants from Bayer, BMS, Chugai, Incyte, outside the submitted work. Michael Thomas reports grants from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Roche, Takeda, personal fees for participating to advisory boards from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Beigene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Oncology, Lilly, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and support for attending meeting and travel from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen Oncology, Lilly, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda. All remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, outside the submitted work.

The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and has been approved by the ethics committee of the Heidelberg Faculty of Medicine (vote S-638-2016).