Louka C, Ravensbergen SJ, Ott A, Zhou X, Garcia-Cobos S, Friedrich AW, et al. Predominance of CTX-M-15-producing ST131 strains among ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolated from asylum seekers in the Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Dec 10];76(1):70–6. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33009805/. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Ravensbergen SJ, Louka C, Ott A, Rossen JW, Cornish D, Pournaras S, Bathoorn E, Stienstra Y. Proportion of asylum seekers carrying multi-drug resistant microorganisms is persistently increased after arrival in the Netherlands. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0455-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nielsen RT, Köse G, Sloth L, Andersen CØ, Petersen JH, Norredam M. Pathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance in infections in migrants and nonmigrants in Denmark, a cross-sectional study. Trop Med Int Health [Internet]. 2022 Nov 1 [cited 2023 Dec 10];27(11):999–1008. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36148529/. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Sloth LB, Nielsen RT, Østergaard Dmsc C, Nellums LB, Hargreaves Phd S, Friedland Fmedsci JS, et al. Antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia coli in migrants vs non-migrants: a study of 14 561 urine samples. 2019 [cited 2023 Dec 10]; Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/26/8/taz080/5606323. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Robles Aguilar G, Gray A, et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet [Internet]. 2022 Feb 12 [cited 2023 Dec 10];399(10325):629–55. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35065702/. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Collignon P, Beggs JJ, Walsh TR, Gandra S, Laxminarayan R. Articles Anthropological and socioeconomic factors contributing to global antimicrobial resistance: a univariate and multivariable analysis. Lancet Planet Health [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Jan 18];2:e398–405. Available from: www.thelancet.com/. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Patel PK, Mehrotra P, Ladines-Lim JB. An opportunity for global antimicrobial stewardship research: Refugee populations. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2022;2(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.1017/ash.2022.8

Desai AN, Mohareb AM, Hauser N, Abbara A. Antimicrobial resistance and human mobility. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:127–33. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S305078.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Allel K, Day L, Hamilton A, Lin L, Furuya-Kanamori L, Moore CE, Van Boeckel T, Laxminarayan R, Yakob L. Global antimicrobial-resistance drivers: an ecological country-level study at the human-animal interface. Lancet Planet Health. 2023;7(4):e291–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00026-8.

Abbasi K, Ali P, Barbour V, Benfield T, Bibbins-Domingo K, Hancocks S, et al. Time to treat the climate and nature crisis as one indivisible global health emergency. BMJ [Internet]. 2023 Oct 25;p2355. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p2355.

McAuliffe M, Triandafyllidou A (eds.) World Migration Report 2022. International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva. United Nations. Available at https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022. Accessed 12/05/2024

International Organization for Migration. 2023 data. Migration Flow to Europe [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 31]. Available from: https://dtm.iom.int/europe/arrivals. Accessed 12/05/2024.

World Bank. Countries | Data [Internet]. [cited 2023 Dec 31]. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/country. Accessed 12/05/2024.

UNHCR. Ukraine Refugee Situation. [cited 2024 Jan 1]; Available from: https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine. Accessed 12/05/2024.

International Organization for Migration (IOM). The World’s Congested Human Migration Routes in 5 Maps [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 1]. Available from: https://weblog.iom.int/worlds-congested-human-migration-routes-5-maps. Accessed 12/05/2024.

UNDESA. Definition of Regions. [cited 2024 Jan 1]; Available from: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/#geo-regions. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Glossary on migration. [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2024 Feb 18]. Available from: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml_34_glossary.pdf. Accessed 12/05/2024.

GLASS manual for antimicrobial resistance surveillance in common bacteria causing human infection. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2023. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240076600. Accessed 12/05/2024

International Organization for Migration. Europe — Mixed Migration Flows to Europe, Quarterly Overview [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 14]. Available from: https://dtm.iom.int/datasets?f%5B0%5D=dataset_component%3A4&f%5B1%5D=dataset_region%3A140. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Sulis G, Sayood S, Gandra S. Antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2022;20(2):147–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Czaika M, Reinprecht C. Migration Drivers: Why Do People Migrate? In: IMISCOE Research Series [Internet]. Springer Science and Business Media B.V.; 2022. p. 49–82. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92377-8_3.

Albarqouni L, Palagama S, Chai J, Sivananthajothy P, Pathirana T, Bakhit M, Arab-Zozani M, Ranakusuma R, Cardona M, Scott A, Clark J, Smith CF, Effa E, Ochodo E, Moynihan R, the Overdiagnosis and Overuse of Healthcare Services in LMICs Network. Overuse of medications in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review. Bull World Health Organ. 2023;101(1):36–61D. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.22.288293.

Li J, Zhou P, Wang J, Li H, Xu H, Meng Y, Ye F, Tan Y, Gong Y, Yin X. Worldwide dispensing of non-prescription antibiotics in community pharmacies and associated factors: a mixed-methods systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23(9):e361–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00130-5.

Torres NF, Chibi B, Kuupiel D, Solomon VP, Mashamba-Thompson TP, Middleton LE. The use of non-prescribed antibiotics; prevalence estimates in low-and-middle-income countries. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Public Health. 2021;79(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00517-9.

Do NTT, Vu HTL, Nguyen CTK, Punpuing S, Khan WA, Gyapong M, et al. Community-based antibiotic access and use in six low-income and middle-income countries: a mixed-method approach. Lancet Glob Health [Internet]. 2021 May 1 [cited 2024 Feb 10];9(5):e610–9. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S2214109X21000243/fulltext. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Kotwani A, Joshi J, Lamkang AS. Over-the-Counter Sale of Antibiotics in India: A Qualitative Study of Providers’ Perspectives across Two States. Antibiotics (Basel) [Internet]. 2021 Sep 1 [cited 2024 Feb 10];10(9). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34572705/. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Hashmi FK, Godman B, Saleem F. Antimicrobial dispensing practices and determinants of antimicrobial resistance: a qualitative study among community pharmacists in Pakistan. Fam Med Community Health. 2019;7(3):e000138. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2019-000138.

Bahta M, Weldemariam DG, Tesfamariam S, Tesfamariam EH, Russom M. Determinants of dispensing antibiotics without prescription in Eritrea: a mixed-method qualitative study on pharmacy professionals' perspective. BMJ Open. 2021;11(8):e049000. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049000.

Torres NF, Solomon VP, Middleton LE. Pharmacists' practices for non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing in Mozambique. Pharm Pract (Granada). 2020;18(3):1965. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2020.3.1965.

Ardillon A, Ramblière L, Kermorvant-Duchemin E, Sok T, Zo AZ, Diouf JB, et al. Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and its determinants among outpatient children in 3 low- and middle-income countries: A multicentric community-based cohort study. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2023 Jun 1 [cited 2024 Feb 10];20(6):e1004211. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004211.

Sulis G, Adam P, Nafade V, Gore G, Daniels B, Daftary A, et al. Antibiotic prescription practices in primary care in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2020 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Dec 10];17(6). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32544153/. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Nafade V, Huddart S, Sulis G, Daftary A, Miraj SS, Saravu K, Pai M. Over-the-counter antibiotic dispensing by pharmacies: a standardised patient study in Udupi district, India. BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4(6):e001869. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001869.

Fink G, D’Acremont V, Leslie HH, Cohen J. Antibiotic exposure among children younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative facility-based and household-based surveys. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Feb 10];20(2):179–87. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S1473309919305729/fulltext. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Nahar P, Unicomb L, Lucas PJ, Uddin MR, Islam MA, Nizame FA, Khisa N, Akter SMS, Rousham EK. What contributes to inappropriate antibiotic dispensing among qualified and unqualified healthcare providers in Bangladesh? A qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):656. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05512-y.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hailu AD, Workneh BD, Kahissay MH. Influence of pharmaceutical marketing mix strategies on physicians’ prescribing behaviors in public and private hospitals, Dessie, Ethiopia: a mixed study design. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10063-2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tegegne AA, Feissa AB, Godena GH, Tefera Y, Hassen HK, Ozalp Y, et al. Substandard and falsified antimicrobials in selected east African countries: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2024;19(1): e0295956.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ssemugabo C, Wafula ST, Ndejjo R, Osuret J, Musoke D, Halage AA. Characteristics of sanitation and hygiene facilities in a slum community in Kampala. Uganda Int Health. 2021;13(1):13–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanungo S, Chatterjee P, Saha J, Pan T, Chakrabarty ND, Dutta S. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Urban Slums of Eastern India. J Infect Dis. 2021;15(224):S573–83.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ramay BM, Caudell MA, Cordón-Rosales C, Archila LD, Palmer GH, Jarquin C, Moreno P, McCracken JP, Rosenkrantz L, Amram O, Omulo S, Call DR. Antibiotic use and hygiene interact to influence the distribution of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in low-income communities in Guatemala. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):13767. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70741-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Omulo S, Lofgren ET, Lockwood S, Thumbi SM, Bigogo G, Ouma A, Verani JR, Juma B, Njenga MK, Kariuki S, McElwain TF, Palmer GH, Call DR. Carriage of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a high-density informal settlement in Kenya is associated with environmental risk-factors. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2021;10(1):18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-021-00886-y.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frost I, Van Boeckel TP, Pires J, Craig J, Laxminarayan R. Global geographic trends in antimicrobial resistance: the role of international travel. J Travel Med [Internet]. 2019 Dec 23;26(8):1–16. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2020.1813022.

Iskandar K, Molinier L, Hallit S, Sartelli M, Catena F, Coccolini F, et al. Drivers of antibiotic resistance transmission in low-and middle-income countries from a “one health” perspective—a review. Vol. 9, Antibiotics. MDPI AG; 2020. p. 1–23.

GLASS - Country, Territory or Area AMR dashboard: World Health Organization [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 15]. Available from: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/glass-dashboard/_w_55e7f4f1/_w_d3dbd5d8/#!/cta-profiles. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Guclu AU, Kocak AA, Ok MA, Tutluoglu B, Basustaoglu A. Antibacterial Resistance in Lower Respiratory Tract Bacterial Pathogens: A Multicenter Analysis from Turkey. J Infect Dev Ctries [Internet]. 2021 Feb 1 [cited 2024 Feb 18];15(2):254–62. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33690209/. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Aydın M, Azak E, Bilgin H, Menekse S, Asan A, Mert HTE, et al. Changes in antimicrobial resistance and outcomes of health care–associated infections. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. 2021 Aug 1 [cited 2024 Feb 18];40(8):1737–42. Available from: 10.1007/s10096-020-04140-y.

IOM - Ukraine Crisis Response. Available at https://www.iom.int/ukraine-iom-response-2022-2024. Accessed 12/05/2024

Kuzin I, Matskov O, Bondar R, Lapin R, Vovk T, Howard A, et al. Notes from the Field: Responding to the Wartime Spread of Antimicrobial-Resistant Organisms — Ukraine, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]. 2023 Dec 8 [cited 2024 Jan 18];72(49):1333–4. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7249a5.htm. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Mc Gann PT, Lebreton F, Jones BT, Dao HD, Martin MJ, Nelson MJ, et al. Six Extensively Drug-Resistant Bacteria in an Injured Soldier, Ukraine - Volume 29, Number 8—August 2023 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2023 Aug 1 [cited 2024 Jan 18];29(8):1692–5. Available from: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/8/23-0567_article. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Qamar AKA, Habboub TM, Elmanama AA. Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated at the European Gaza Hospital before and after the Great March of Return protests: a retrospective study. The Lancet [Internet]. 2022 Jun 1 [cited 2023 Dec 10];399:S14. Available from: http://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140673622011497/fulltext. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Pallett SJC, Boyd SE, O’Shea MK, Martin J, Jenkins DR, Hutley EJ. The contribution of human conflict to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Communications Medicine 2023 3:1 [Internet]. 2023 Oct 25 [cited 2023 Dec 10];3(1):1–4. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-023-00386-7. Accessed 12/05/2024.

Bazzi W, Abou Fayad AG, Nasser A, Haraoui LP, Dewachi O, Abou-Sitta G, Nguyen VK, Abara A, Karah N, Landecker H, Knapp C, McEvoy MM, Zaman MH, Higgins PG, Matar GM. Heavy metal toxicity in armed conflicts potentiates AMR in A. baumannii by selecting for antibiotic and heavy metal co-resistance mechanisms. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:68. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00068.

World Health Organization. Refugee and migrant health. Available https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/refugee-and-migrant-health. Accessed 12/05/2024

Tresànchez-Lacorte B, Figueras A. Medicines in Western Sahara Refugee Camps in Tindouf: Prescriptions and self-medication mixing in the drawer. Glob Public Health [Internet]. 2020 Dec 1 [cited 2024 Feb 11];15(12):1871–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1775864.

Capturing the evidence on access to essential antibiotics in refugee and migrant populations [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.

Bonniface M, Nambatya W, Rajab K. An evaluation of antibiotic prescribing practices in a rural refugee settlement district in Uganda. Antibiotics. 2021;10(2):1–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nanakali SS, Hassan O, Silva L, Al-Oraibi A, Chaloner J, Gogoi M, et al. Migrants’ living conditions, perceived health needs and implications for the use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in the United Kingdom: A qualitative study. 2023; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1655.

Elisabeth M, Maneesh PS, Katarina SF, Slobodan Z, Michael S. Antimicrobial resistance & migrants in Sweden: poor living conditions enforced by migration control policies as a risk factor for optimal public health management. Front Public Health. 2021;9:642983. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.642983.

Kleinert E, Hillermann N, Jablonka A, Happle C, Müller F, Simmenroth A. Prescription of antibiotics in the medical care of newly arrived refugees and migrants. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2021;30(8):1074–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.5254.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu J. Antibiotic utilisation amongst Australian Chinese migrants: a web-based bilingual health survey survey. Available at https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:411543/s43280694_phd_thesis.pdf. Accessed 12/05/2024

Stabler S, Paccoud O, Duchesne L, Piot MA, Valin N, Decré D, Girard PM, Lalande V, Lacombe K, Surgers L. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and infectious diseases in a hospitalised migrant population in Paris, France, a retrospective study. Int J Public Health. 2022;67:1604792. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604792.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lemoine JP, Pasquier C, Rabier V, Binder AM, Auffray Y, de Gentile L, Eveillard M. Colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in unaccompanied refugee minors on arrival in France. J Travel Med. 2022;29(7):taac064. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taac064.

Eiset AH, Stensvold CR, Fuursted K, Nielsen HV, Wejse C. High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Giardia, and Blastocystis in asymptomatic Syrian asylum seekers in Denmark during 2016 through 2018. J Migr Health. 2020;1:1–2.

Google Scholar 

Ehlkes L, Pfeifer Y, Werner G, Ignatius R, Vogt M, Eckmanns T, Zanger P, Walter J. No evidence of carb