International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. Brussels, Belgium: 2021. Available at: https://www.Diabetesatlas.org. Accessed 12 Jan 2024.

Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, Manne-Goehler J, Atun R, Bärnighausen T, et al. Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections From 2015 to 2030. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:963–70. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1962.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu C, Ponsero AJ, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA, Hurwitz BL. The dynamic wound microbiome. BMC Med. 2020;18:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01820-6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang W, Lu KJ, Yu CH, Huang QL, Du YZ. Nano-drug delivery systems in wound treatment and skin regeneration. J Nanobiotechnol. 2019;17:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-019-0514-y.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mateen S, Rehman MT, Shahzad S, Naeem SS, Faizy AF, Khan AQ, et al. Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on mononuclear cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Eur J Pharmacol. 2019;852:14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.031.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nascimento Barboza J, Da C, Maia S, Filho B, Silva RO, Venes J, et al. An Overview on the Anti-inflammatory Potential and Antioxidant Profile of Eugenol. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018:3957262. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3957262.

Esmaeili F, Zahmatkeshan M, Yousefpoor Y, Alipanah H, Safari E, Osanloo M. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Cinnamon and Clove essential oils nanogels: an in vivo study. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022;22:143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03619-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghodousi-Dehnavi E, Hosseini RH, Arjmand M, Nasri S, Zamani Z. A Metabolomic Investigation of Eugenol on Colorectal Cancer Cell Line HT-29 by Modifying the Expression of APC, p53 and KRAS Genes. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021:1448206. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1448206.

Hafizur RM, Momin S, Fatima N. Prevention of advanced glycation end-products formation in diabetic rats through beta-cell modulation by Aegle marmelos. BMC Complement Altern Med [Internet]. 2017;17:1–15. 10.1186%2Fs12906–017–1743-y.

Pang D, Huang Z, Li Q, Wang E, Liao S, Li E, et al. Antibacterial Mechanism of Cinnamaldehyde: Modulation of Biosynthesis of Phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylglycerol in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. J Agric Food Chem. 2021;69:13628–36. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04977.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pereira WA, Pereira CDS, Assunção RG, da Silva ISC, Rego FS, Alves LSR, et al. New Insights into the Antimicrobial Action of Cinnamaldehyde towards Escherichia coli and Its Effects on Intestinal Colonization of Mice. Biomolecules. 2021;11:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11020302.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ghardashpour M, Saeedi M, Negarandeh R, Enderami SE, Ghorbani A, Lotfizadeh A, et al. Anti-inflammatory and tissue repair effect of cinnamaldehyde and nano cinnamaldehyde on gingival fibroblasts and macrophages. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:1014. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03682-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang W, Hu Z, Mo W, Ouyang M, Lin S, Li X, et al. Ultrastable in-situ silver nanoparticle dressing for effective prevention and treatment of wound infection in emergency. Engineered Regeneration. 2024;5:111–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engreg.2024.01.001.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li H, You Q, Feng X, Zheng C, Zeng X, Xu H. Effective treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection with silver nanoparticles and silver ions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;80: 104165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104165.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Vasiliev G, Kubo AL, Vija H, Kahru A, Bondar D, Karpichev Y, et al. Synergistic antibacterial effect of copper and silver nanoparticles and their mechanism of action. Sci Rep. 2023;13:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36460-2.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hu Q, Nie Y, Xiang J, Xie J, Si H, Li D, et al. Injectable sodium alginate hydrogel loaded with plant polyphenol-functionalized silver nanoparticles for bacteria-infected wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;234: 123691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123691.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shalaby MA, Anwar MM, Saeed H. Nanomaterials for application in wound Healing: current state-of-the-art and future perspectives. J Polym Res. 2022;29:1–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-021-02870-x.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Trott AT. Wound Dressing and Bandaging Techniques. Wounds and Lacerations: Emergency Care and Closure. 2012;266–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-07418-6.00020-4.

Bandyopadhyay D. Topical Antibacterials in Dermatology. Indian J Dermatol. 2021;66:117. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijd.IJD_99_18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mukherji S, Bharti S, Shukla G, Mukherji S. Synthesis and characterization of size- And shape-controlled silver nanoparticles. Phys Sci Rev. 2019;4(1):20170082. https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2017-0082.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li X, Shen J, Du A, Zhang Z, Gao G, Yang H, et al. Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles with high concentration via a CTAB-induced silver mirror reaction. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2012;400:73–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.03.002.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

CLSI. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically. 11th ed. CLSI standard M07. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2018;38–2.

Priya A, Selvaraj A, Divya D, Karthik Raja R, Pandian SK. In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-infective Potential of Thymol Against Early Childhood Caries Causing Dual Species Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.760768

Feng X, Wang C, Xu Y, Turley J, Xie Z, Pierre S V., et al. Topical Digitoxigenin for Wound Healing: A Feasibility Study. Bioengineering (Basel). 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5010021.

Kasthuri T, Barath S, Nandhakumar M, Karutha PS. Proteomic profiling spotlights the molecular targets and the impact of the natural antivirulent umbelliferone on stress response, virulence factors and the quorum sensing network of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12: 998540. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.998540.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang S, Wang Y, Han B, Chen Y, Bai X, Yu S, et al. Huanglian ointment alleviates eczema by maintaining the balance of c-Jun and JunB and inhibiting AGE-RAGE-mediated pro-inflammation signaling pathway. Phytomedicine. 2022;105: 154372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154372.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chumpolphant S, Suwatronnakorn M, Issaravanich S, Tencomnao T, Prasansuklab A. Polyherbal formulation exerts wound healing, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic and antimicrobial properties: Potential role in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29: 103330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103330.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qian H, Kuang Y, Su J, Chen M, Chen X, Lv C, et al. Reductive Effect of Acitretin on Blood Glucose Levels in Chinese Patients With Psoriasis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.764216.

Mitrevska K, Merlos Rodrigo MA, Cernei N, Michalkova H, Splichal Z, Hynek D, et al. Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay for the evaluation of the antitumor and antimetastatic activity of platinum-based drugs in association with the impact on the amino acid metabolism. Mater Today Bio. 2023;19: 100570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100570.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rajeshkumar S, Malarkodi C, Paulkumar K, Vanaja M, Gnanajobitha G, Annadurai G. Algae Mediated Green Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles and Examination of Its Antifungal Activity against Clinical Pathogens. Int. J. Met. 2014;1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/692643.

Alarcon R, Walter M, Paez M, Azócar MI. Ostwald Ripening and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Capped by Anti-Inflammatory Ligands. Nanomaterials. 2023;13. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030428.

Burrell GL, Dunlop NF, Separovic F. Non-Newtonian viscous shear thinning in ionic liquids. Soft Matter. 2010;6:2080–6. https://doi.org/10.1039/B916049N.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ahmed IA, Mikail MA. Anti-aging skincare: the natural and organic way. Anti-Aging Pharmacology. 2023;269–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823679-6.00008-4.

M100Ed33 | Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 33rd Edition.  https://clsi.org/standards/products/microbiology/documents/m100/. Accessed 06.12.2023.

Kari S, Subramanian K, Altomonte IA, Murugesan A, Yli-Harja O, Kandhavelu M. Programmed cell death detection methods: a systematic review and a categorical comparison. Apoptosis. 2022;27:482–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-022-01735-y.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buch PJ, Chai Y, Goluch ED. Treating polymicrobial infections in chronic diabetic wounds. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32. https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00091-18.

Datti Gwarzo I. Pauliena Mohd Bohari S, Abdul Wahab R, Zia A, Recent advances and future prospects in topical creams from medicinal plants to expedite wound healing: a review. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2022;36:81–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2022.2053340.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Al-Trad B, Alkhateeb H, Alsmadi W, Al-Zoubi M. Eugenol ameliorates insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation in high fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Life Sci. 2019;216:183–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.034.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hadrup N, Sharma AK, Loeschner K. Toxicity of silver ions, metallic silver and silver nanoparticle materials after in vivo dermal and mucosal surface exposure: A review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2018;98:257–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.08.007.

Article