Global Statistics | HIV.gov. https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics. Accessed 04 Apr 2024.

Jourdain H, de Gage SB, Desplas D, Dray-Spira R. Real-world effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis in men at high risk of HIV infection in France: a nested case-control study. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7:e529–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murchu EO, Marshall L, Teljeur C, Harrington P, Hayes C, Moran P, et al. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical effectiveness, safety, adherence and risk compensation in all populations. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e048478.

Article  Google Scholar 

Paton NI, Musaazi J, Kityo C, Walimbwa S, Hoppe A, Balyegisawa A, et al. Dolutegravir or Darunavir in Combination with Zidovudine or Tenofovir to Treat HIV. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:330–41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2101609.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tanner MR, Miele P, Carter W, Valentine SS, Dunville R, Kapogiannis BG, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for prevention of HIV acquisition among adolescents: clinical considerations, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69:1–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Global HIV Programme. 2024. https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/hiv/prevention/pre-exposure-prophylaxis. Accessed 04 Apr 2024.

Malik T, Chauhan G, Rath G, Murthy RSR, Goyal AK. “Fusion and binding inhibition” key target for HIV-1 treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis: targets, drug delivery and nanotechnology approaches. Drug Deliv. 2017;24:608.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boyer PL, Rehm CA, Sneller MC, Mican JA, Caplan MR, Dewar R, et al. A combination of amino acid mutations leads to resistance to multiple nucleoside analogs in reverse transcriptases from HIV-1 subtypes B and C. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022;66:e01500-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01500-21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu HT, Colby-Germinario SP, Quashie PK, Bethell R, Wainberg MA. Subtype-specific analysis of the K65R substitution in HIV-1 that confers hypersusceptibility to a novel nucleotide-competing reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:3189–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blaise P, Clevenbergh P, Vaira D, Moutschen M, Dellamonica P. HIV resistance to antiretroviral drugs: mechanisms, genotypic and phenotypic resistance testing in clinical practice. Acta Clin Belg. 2002;57:191–201. https://doi.org/10.1179/acb.2002.041.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carr A, Mackie NE, Paredes R, Ruxrungtham K. HIV drug resistance in the era of contemporary antiretroviral therapy: a clinical perspective. Antivir Ther. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/13596535231201162.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sidebottom D, Ekström AM, Strömdahl S. A systematic review of adherence to oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV - how can we improve uptake and adherence? BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:581.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marrazzo JM, Ramjee G, Richardson BA, Gomez K, Mgodi N, Nair G, et al. Tenofovir-based preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African Women. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:509–18. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1402269.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, Dolling DI, Gafos M, Gilson R, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387:53–60.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Clarke W, Marzinke MA, Piwowar-Manning E, Beauchamp G, Breaud A, et al. Evaluation of a multidrug assay for monitoring adherence to a regimen for HIV preexposure prophylaxis in a clinical study, HIV prevention trials network 073. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017;61(7):e02743-16. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02743-16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spinner CD, Boesecke C, Zink A, Jessen H, Stellbrink HJ, Rockstroh JK, et al. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): a review of current knowledge of oral systemic HIV PrEP in humans. Infection. 2016;44:151–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fonner VA, Dalglish SL, Kennedy CE, Baggaley R, O’Reilly KR, Koechlin FM, et al. Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS. 2016;30:1973.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nyaga VN, Arbyn M, Aerts M. Metaprop: a Stata command to perform meta-analysis of binomial data. Arch Public Health. 2014;72:1–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bradburn MJ, Deeks JJ, Berlin JA, Localio AR. Much ado about nothing: a comparison of the performance of meta-analytical methods with rare events. Stat Med. 2007;26:53–77.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315:629–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Molina J-M, Capitant C, Spire B, Pialoux G, Cotte L, Charreau I, et al. On-demand preexposure prophylaxis in men at high risk for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2237–46. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506273.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587–99. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1011205.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Van Damme L, Corneli A, Ahmed K, Agot K, Lombaard J, Kapiga S, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection among African Women. N Engl J Med. 2012;2012(367):411–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1202614.

Article  Google Scholar 

Weis JF, Baeten JM, Mccoy CO, Warth C, Donnell D, Thomas KK, et al. PrEP-selected drug resistance decays rapidly after drug cessation. AIDS. 2016;30:31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Campbell JD, Wangisi J, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399–410. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1108524.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Heffron R, Ngure K, Odoyo J, Bulya N, Tindimwebwa E, Hong T, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-negative persons with partners living with HIV: uptake, use, and effectiveness in an open-label demonstration project in East Africa. Gates Open Res. 2018. https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12752.2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sivay MV, Li M, Piwowar-Manning E, Zhang Y, Hudelson SE, Marzinke MA, et al. Characterization of HIV seroconverters in a TDF/FTC PrEP study: HPTN 067/ADAPT. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75:271.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu AY, Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, Anderson PL, Doblecki-Lewis S, Bacon O, et al. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis integrated with municipal and community based sexual health services. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar