UNAIDS, The Global HIVAIDS, Epidemic KFF. 2023. https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-global-hiv-aids-epidemic/ (accessed Feb. 06, 2024).

Key facts HIV/ AIDS, WHO, Jul. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://pdf.live/edit?url= https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.who.int%2Fmedia%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fhq-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-library%2Fkey-facts-hiv-2021-26july2022.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3D8f4e7.

UNAIDS, Global HIV. statistics, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf.

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Global HIV & AIDS statistics — Fact sheet, Unaids. pp. 2020–2022, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf.

FMoH. National Guideline for Prevention of Mother-to-child Transmission of HIV, Syphilis and Hepatitis B Virus, no. November. Addis Ababa, p. 145, 2021.

Elflein J. HIV/AIDS in Africa, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1305233/number-new-hiv-infections-african-countries/ (accessed Apr. 28, 2022).

Frontières MS. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Medecins sans Frontieres, p. 45, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544781.006.

FMoH. National comprehensive PMTCT/MNCH integrated training manual. FMoH, Addis Ababa, p. 434, 2021.

FMoH. National comprehensive and integrated prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV guide. Addis Ababa, p. 97, 2017.

HAPCO. Guidelines For Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV In Ethiopia, no. July. Addis Ababa, pp. 26–27, 2015.

WHO. Programmatic Update: Use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants, no. April. pp. 1–177, 2012, [Online]. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/75236/9789241599818_eng. pdf;jsessionid = 55234A471CE8E202766E94A5DDA10F0E?sequence = 1.

UNAIDS. The global HIV and AIDS epidemic, 2022. https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-global-hivaids-epidemic/ (accessed Jul. 27, 2022).

Elflein J. New HIV infections in select countries of Africa, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1305233/number-new-hiv-infections-african-countries/ (accessed Apr. 28, 2022).

WHO. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection:Recommendations for a public health approach, 2013.

WHO. Global Health Sector Strategy on HIV 2016–2021, World Health Organization, no. June 2016. p. 60, 2016, [Online]. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/246178/1/WHO-HIV-2016.05-eng.pdf?ua=1.

FMoH. National strategic plan for triple elimination of transmission of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B virus 2021–2025. Addis Ababa, 2021.

Endalamaw A, Demsie A, Eshetie S, Habtewold TD. A systematic review and meta-analysis of vertical transmission route of HIV in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3189-3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kassa GM. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection and its associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3126-5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Geremew S, Tebeje D, Ambachew F. Seroprevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta – analysis. BMC Res Notes. 2018;1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-4022-1.

Getaneh T et al. September., Early diagnosis, vertical transmission of HIV and its associated factors among exposed infants after implementation of the Option B + regime in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, IJID Regions, vol. 4, no. 2021, pp. 66–74, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.05.011.

Page MJ, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Med. 2021;18(3):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1003583.

Article  Google Scholar 

FMoH. Competency-based national comprehensive PMTCT/MNCH training participant ’s manual. Addis Ababa, p. 357, 2017.

Alemu A, Molla W, Yinges K, Mihret M. Determinants of HIV infection among children born to HIV positive mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission program at referral hospitals in west Amhara, Ethiopia; case-control study. Ital J Pediatr. 2022;48(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01220-x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Amano A, Musa A. Male involvement in PMTCT and associated factors among men whom their wives had anc visit 12 months prior to the study in gondar town, North West Ethiopia, December, 2014. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24:1–8. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2016.24.239.8460.

Article  Google Scholar 

Beyene G, Dadi L, Mogas S. Determinants of HIV infection among children born to mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission program of HIV in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a case control study. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3217-3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Munn TC, Moola Z, Lisy S, Riitano K. D, Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and incidence data, Int J Evid Based HealthC, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 147–153, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://jbi.global/sites/default/files/2020-07/Checklist_for_Analytical_Cross_Sectional_Studies.pdf.

Moola LK, Munn S, Tufanaru Z, Aromataris C, Sears E, Sfetcu K, Currie R, Qureshi M, Mattis R. P, Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. JBI, 2020.

Gutema G, Tola HH, Fikadu D, Leta D, Bejiga B, Tura JB. Positivity rate, trend and associated risk factors of mother –to–child transmission of HIV among HIV–exposed infants. BMC Pediatr. 2023;1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04074-2.

Kassie D, Bogale W, Addisu A. The Prevalence of HIV-Positive Infants Born to HIV-Positive Mothers Attended at the University of Gondar Specialized Hospital Anti-Retroviral Therapy Services, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018, pp. 135–140, 2020.

Teshome L, Modiba GS. Determinants of mother to child transmission of HIV in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Afr Nurs Sci. 2021;15:100348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100348.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bayou E, Dejene G, Dube T, Adeba L. Utilization of early infant diagnosis of HIV infection and Associated factors in Western Ethiopia: cross-sectional, 7522, pp. 149–56, 2015.

Tsehay A. Factors associated with HIV-positive serostatus among exposed infants attending care at health facilities in Bahir Dar administration, Ethiopia: evidence from medical records. Cogent Med. 2019;6(1):1623754. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205x.2019.1623754.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tsehay A. Risk of HIV and associated factors among infants born to HIV-positive women in northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2019;33(1):1–6.

Google Scholar 

Desta ML, et al. HIV prevalence and risk factors in infants born to HIV positive mothers, measured by dried blood spot real-time PCR assay in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1636-y.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yitayew YA, Bekele DM, Wondimeneh B, Menji DZA. Mother to child transmission of HIV and associated factors among HIV exposed infants at public health facilities, Dessie town, Ethiopia. HIV/AIDS - Res Palliat Care. 2019;11:343–50. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S221409.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ebuy H, Bekele A, Redae G. HIV testing, test results and factors influencing among infants born to HIV positive mothers in public hospitals of Mekelle City, North Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-4790-9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yosef Y, Tebeje B, Joseph J, Abeje S. HIV Sero Status and Associated Factors Among HIV-Exposed Infants ’ in Selected Health Facilities in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 70–77, 2020, https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20200603.13.

Mesfin A. Diagnosis of early infant HIV infection among Sero-positive mother in Jimma Zone, Southern West Ethiopia, Jimma, 38, pp. 18–22, 2017.

Chaka KR, Abebe TE. TW, Option B + prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS service intervention outcomes in selected health facilities, Adama town, Ethiopia, HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care, vol. 11, pp. 77–82, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S192556.

Kassaw A, Abebe MW, Abate AM, Tlaye BB, Kassie KG. Mother-to-child HIV transmission and its associations among exposed infants after option B + guidelines implementation in the Amhara regional state referral hospitals, Ethiopia. 95. 2020;268–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.006.

Alamdo E, King AG. Retention in Care and Health outcomes of HIV-Exposed infants in a Prevention of Mother-to- child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) Cohort in, pp. 171–9, 2021.

Tadewos E, Admasu K, Tachbele M. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV and Associated factors among exposed infants in Pastoralist Health Facilities, South Omo Zone, Ethiopia, 2020 – A retrospective cross-sectional study, pp. 1015–23, 2021.

Degavi G et al. A Retrospective Study of Incidence and Predictors on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV among HIV-Exposed Infants in West Guji Zone, Southern Ethiopia, AIDS Research and Treatment, vol. 2022, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2906490.

zeleke Tiruneh E, Dagnew GA. Prevalence of HIV infection and associated factors among infants born to HIV-positive mothers in health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2021, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057221117407.

Kokeb M. Incidence of HIV infection among HIV-Exposed iinfants at Gondar University Hospital from 2019–2021: a prospective cohort study, 1, 2023.

Hunduma F, Gebrehanna E, Debela FA. Determinants of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in public hospitals of west Shewa zone, central Ethiopia: Case-control study, HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care, vol. 13, pp. 435–443, 2021, https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S299585.

Tadewos K, Adimasu M, Tachbele E, Tadewos E, Admasu K, Tachbele M. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV and Associated factors among exposed infants in Pastoralist Health Facilities, South Omo Zone, Ethiopia, 2020 – A retrospective cross-sectional study. HIV/AIDS - Res Palliat Care. 2021;13:1015–23. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S332904.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hussen R, Zenebe W, Mamo T, Shaka M. Determinants of HIV infection among children born from mothers on prevention of mother to child transmission program of HIV in southern Ethiopia: a case-control study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(2):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048491.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zeng H et al. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission cascade in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis, pp. 116–23, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2014-051877.

Sagna GSL, Obiri-Yeboah D, Ouattara AK, Pietra V, Simpore J. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV: a review of the achievements and challenges in Burkina-Faso. HIV/AIDS - Res Palliat Care. 2019;11:165–77. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S204661.

Article  Google Scholar 

Belachew A, Tewabe T, Malede GA. Prevalence of vertical HIV infection and its risk factors among HIV exposed infants in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Health. 2020;48(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-020-00273-0.

Bhatta M, Dutta N, Nandi S, Dutta S, Saha MK. Mother-to-child HIV transmission and its correlates in India: systematic review and meta-analysis, 3, pp. 1–15, 2020.

Kebede ZT, Taye BW. Outcomes and linkage to chronic care of HIV exposed infants among health centers and hospitals in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: implications to prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV program: a cross sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24:61. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2016.24.61.7305.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

FMoH, National Comprehensive HIV, Prevention. Care and Treatment Training for Health care Providers Participant Manual, FMoH. Addis Ababa, pp. 256–257, 2022.

Ekwaru JP, Campbell J, Malamba S, Moore DM, Were W, Mermin J. The effect of opportunistic illness on HIV RNA viral load and CD4 + T cell count among HIV-positive adults taking antiretroviral therapy, Journal of the International AIDS Society, vol. 16, no. April 2007, pp. 1–6, 2013, https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.17355.

Ambia J, Mandala J. Review article a systematic review of interventions to improve prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission service delivery and promote retention, pp. 1–11, 2016, https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.1.20309.

Gourlay A, Birdthistle I, Mburu G, Iorpenda K, Wringe A. Barriers and facilitating factors to the uptake of antiretroviral drugs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in sub-saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:1–21. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.18588.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mpinganjira S, Tchereni T, Gunda A, Mwapasa V. Factors associated with loss-to-follow-up of HIV-positive mothers and their infants enrolled in HIV care clinic: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8373-x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cataldo F, et al. Exploring the experiences of women and health care workers in the context of PMTCT option B plus in Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74(5):517–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001273.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sariah A, et al. Why did I stop? And why did I restart? Perspectives of women lost to follow-up in option B + HIV care in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7518-2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rajesh V, et al. Implications of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices on gastrointestinal health and antibiotic exposure: a questionnaire-based assessment. Clin Epidemiol Global Health. 2023;21:101281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101281. March.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar