Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK, et al. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:420–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yuan C, Adeloye D, Luk TT, et al. The global prevalence of and factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2022;6:185–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Okuda M, Lin Y, Kikuchi S. Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents. Exp Med Biol. 2019;1149:107–20.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jaramillo-Rodríguez Y, Nares-Cisneros J, Martínez-Ordaz VA, et al. Chronic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori in Mexican children: histopathological patterns. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2011;14:93–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu M, Ma J, Song XX, et al. Gastric mucosal precancerous lesions in Helicobacter pylori-infected pediatric patients in central China: a single-center, retrospective investigation. World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28:3682–94.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shahinyan T, Amaryan G, Tadevosyan A, et al. Clinical endoscopic and histological characteristics of Helicobacter pylori positive and negative Armenian children with recurrent abdominal pain and/or dyspepsia. Georgian Med News. 2022;324:71–8.

Google Scholar 

O’Ryan ML, Lucero Y, Rabello M, et al. Persistent and transient Helicobacter pylori infections in early childhood. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:211–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ortiz-Princz D, Daoud G, Salgado-Sabel A, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: should it be carefully assessed? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20:1798–813.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ford AC, Yuan Y, Moayyedi P. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy to preventgastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2020;69:2113–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malfertheiner P, Camargo MC, El-Omar E, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9:19.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Niv Y, Hazazi R. Helicobacter pylori recurrence in developed and developing countries: meta-analysis of 13C-urea breath test follow-up after eradication. Helicobacter. 2008;13:56–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu Y, Wan JH, Li XY, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the global recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46:773–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim SY, Hyun JJ, Jung SW, et al. Helicobacter pylori recurrence after first- and second-line eradication therapy in Korea: the problem of recrudescence or reinfection. Helicobacter. 2014;19:202–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xue Y, Zhou LY, Lu HP, et al. Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection: incidence and influential factors. Chin Med J (Engl). 2019;132:765–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang YY, Xia HHX, Zhuang ZH, et al. Review article: “true” re-infection of Helicobacter pylori after successful eradication–worldwide annual rates, risk factors and clinical implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:145–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Raymond J, Thiberge JM, Dauga C. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori recurrence:relapse or reinfection? Usefulness of molecular tools. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2016;51:672–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yan TL, Hu QD, Zhang Q, et al. National rates of Helicobacter pylori recurrence are significantly and inversely correlated with human developmentindex. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37:963–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. Published 2021 Mar 29.

Arya S, Kaji AH, Boermeester MA. PRISMA reporting guidelines for meta-analyses and systematic reviews. JAMA Surg. 2021;156:789–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Cao L, Zhang Z, et al. Reporting and methodological quality of COVID-19 systematic reviews needs to be improved: an evidence mapping. J Clin Epidemiol. 2021;135:17–28.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brach C, Borsky A. How the U.S. agency for healthcare research and quality promotes health literate health care. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2020;269:313–23.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

AHRQ quality indicator tools for data analytics. Content last reviewed November 2020. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. https://www.ahrq.gov/data/qualityindicators/index.html

United Nations Development Programme. Statistical update 2021/22. Human development indices and indicators. https://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human development indices and indicators-2021/22-statistical-update.

Oderda G, Vaira D, Ainley C, et al. Eighteen month follow up of Helicobacter pylori positive children treated with amoxycillin and tinidazole. Gut. 1992;33:1328–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kato S, Abukawa D, Furuyama N, et al. Helicobacter pylori reinfection rates in children after eradication therapy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;27:543–6.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang FC, Chang MH, Hsu HY, et al. Long-term follow-up of duodenal ulcer in children before and after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999;28:76–80.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rowland M, Kumar D, Daly L, et al. Low rates of Helicobacter pylori reinfection in children. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:336–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiang L, Wen F, Tang X. Effect of family members carrying bacteria on 1-year reinfection rate after eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Chin J Contemp Pediatr. 2001:100–103. (Article in Chinese)

Feydt-Schmidt A, Kindermann A, Konstantopoulos N, et al. Reinfection rate in children after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;14:1119–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li B, Kang H. Reinfection or recrudescence of Helicobacter pylori in children after radical treatment. J Clin Pediatr. 2002:336–337. (Article in Chinese)

Xiang L, Wen F, Tang X. One year follow-up by 13C-urea breath test after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr. 2002:180–181. (Article in Chinese)

Oona M, Rägo T, Maaroos HI. Long-term recurrence rate after treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents in Estonia. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004;39:1186–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farrell S, Milliken I, Doherty GM, et al. Total family unit Helicobacter pylori eradication and pediatric re-infection rates. Helicobacter. 2004;9:285–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magistà AM, Ierardi E, Castellaneta S, et al. Helicobacter pylori status and symptom assessment two years after eradication in pediatric patients from a high prevalence area. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;40:312–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farrell S, Milliken I, Murphy JL, et al. Nonulcer dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2005;40:1547–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Halitim F, Vincent P, Michaud L, et al. High rate of Helicobacter pylori reinfection in children and adolescents. Helicobacter. 2006;11:168–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leal YA, Gómez A, Madrazo-de la Garza A, et al. A primary Helicobacter pylori infection does not protect against reinfection in children after eradication therapy. Rev Invest Clin. 2008;60:470–477.

Najafi M, Sobhani M, Khodadad A, et al. Reinfection rate after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication in children. Iran J Pediatr. 2010;20:58–62.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nguyen TVH, Bengtsson C, Nguyen GK, et al. Age as risk factor for Helicobacter pylori recurrence in children in Vietnam. Helicobacter. 2012;17:452–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang Y, Huang J, Shao S. Efficacy analysis on probiotics combined with triple therapy in Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Chin J Nosocomiol. 2013;23:5757–5758+5761. (Article in Chinese)

Li M, Zhou X. Efficacy of triple therapy combined with probiotics in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Mod J Integr Tradit Chin West Med. 2014;23:2883–2884. (Article in Chinese)

Sivapalasingam S, Rajasingham A, Macy JT, et al. Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Bolivian children and adults after a population-based “screen and treat” strategy. Helicobacter. 2014;19:343–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vanderpas J, Bontems P, Miendje Deyi VY, et al. Follow-up of Helicobacter pylori infection in children over two decades (1988–2007): persistence, relapse and acquisition rates. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142:767–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leng Z. The feasibility study of clarithromycin adjuvant therapy for the treatment of children's positive Helicobacter pylori chronic gastritis. Chin Med Pharm. 2015;5:98–100. (Article in Chinese)

Tang W, Zhu Z, Li Y. Efficacy of triple therapy combined with L-GMI collutoryin the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Chin Pediatr Integr Tradit West Med. 2016;8:572–575. (Article in Chinese)

Wang X. Effect of probiotics combined with triple therapy on eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection and nutrition and development of children. World Lat Med Inform. 2019;19:148–153. (Article in Chinese)

Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Bi B, Guo X, et al. Analysis of eradication, recurrence and levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and interleukin-1β in pediatric patients with Helicobacter pylori infection-related gastritis. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36:1377–81.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Dong Q, Tian L, et al. Risk factors for recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection after successful eradication in Chinese children: a prospective, nested case-control study. Helicobacter. 2020;25: e12749.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ke Y, Wu J, Gu Q. Cost-effectiveness evaluation of sequential therapy and standard triple therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. J Clin Pathol Res. 2021;41:2632–2637. (Article in Chinese)

Li X. Clinical efficacy of bifidobacteria triple-activated bacterial powder in synergistic treatment of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) positive peptic ulcer in children. Strait Pharm J. 2021;33:143–145. (Article in Chinese)

Zhang S, Zhang Y, Chen S, et al. Effects of inflammatory cytokines on eradication and recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38:1883–7.