From the ∗Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital

†Harvard Medical School

‡IBM Research, Cambridge

§IBM Watson Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts

∥Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee

¶Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School; Boston, Massachusetts.

Correspondence: Jorge A Rodriguez, MD, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, 1620 Tremont St, 3rd Flr, Boston, MA 02120 (e-mail: [email protected]).

N.H.Y. passed during the revision process.

D.M.L. reports receiving funds from Biofourmis for a primary investigator-initiated study, separate from the present work.

D.W.B. consults for EarlySense, which makes patient safety monitoring systems. He receives cash compensation from CDI (Negev), Ltd, which is a not-for-profit incubator for health IT startups. He receives equity from ValeraHealth, which makes software to help patients with chronic diseases. He receives equity from Clew, which makes software to support clinical decision making in intensive care. He receives equity from MDClone, which takes clinical data and produces deidentified versions of it. He receives equity from AESOP, which makes software to reduce medication error rates. He has received research funding from IBM Watson Health. D.W.B.’s financial interests have been reviewed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Partners HealthCare in accordance with their institutional policies. L.S. receives research funding from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (grant no. R01DK116898). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policy of the National Institutes of Health. K.N., H.H., Y.P., A.R., and G.P.J. are employees of IBM Corporation. The other authors disclose no conflict of interest.

This study was conducted jointly by IBM Watson Health and Brigham and Women’s Hospital as a collaborative research effort and with financial support from IBM. Certain data used in this study were supplied by International Business Machines Corporation. Any analysis, interpretation, or conclusion based on these data is solely that of the authors and not International Business Machines Corporation.

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