Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ et al (2017) 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 38(36):2739–2791

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Gentile F et al (2021) 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the management of patients with Valvular Heart Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice guidelines. Circulation 143(5):e72–e227

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peteiro J, Bouzas-Mosquera A (2010) Exercise echocardiography. World J Cardiol 2(8):223–232

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coisne A, Levy F, Malaquin D, Richardson M, Quere JP, Montaigne D et al (2015) Feasibility of Doppler hemodynamic evaluation of primary and secondary mitral regurgitation during exercise echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31(2):291–299

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Myerson SG, d’Arcy J, Christiansen JP, Dobson LE, Mohiaddin R, Francis JM et al (2016) Determination of clinical outcome in Mitral Regurgitation with Cardiovascular magnetic resonance quantification. Circulation 133(23):2287–2296

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Penicka M, Vecera J, Mirica DC, Kotrc M, Kockova R, Van Camp G (2018) Prognostic implications of magnetic resonance-derived quantification in asymptomatic patients with Organic Mitral Regurgitation: comparison with Doppler Echocardiography-Derived Integrative Approach. Circulation 137(13):1349–1360

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Collins P, Klein HU et al (2002) Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 90(1):29–34

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maceira AM, Prasad SK, Khan M, Pennell DJ (2006) Reference right ventricular systolic and diastolic function normalized to age, gender and body surface area from steady-state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J 27(23):2879–2888

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chew PG, Swoboda PP, Ferguson C, Garg P, Cook AL, Ibeggazene S et al (2020) Feasibility and reproducibility of a cardiovascular magnetic resonance free-breathing, multi-shot, navigated image acquisition technique for ventricular volume quantification during continuous exercise. Quant Imaging Med Surg 10(9):1837–1851

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Craven TP, Jex N, Chew PG, Higgins DM, Bissell MM, Brown LAE et al (2021) Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance: feasibility and development of biventricular function and great vessel flow assessment, during continuous exercise accelerated by compressed SENSE: preliminary results in healthy volunteers. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 37(2):685–698

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gelfand EV, Haffajee JA, Hauser TH, Yeon SB, Goepfert L, Kissinger KV et al (2010) Predictors of preserved left ventricular systolic function after surgery for chronic organic mitral regurgitation: a prospective study. J Heart Valve Dis 19(1):43

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, Arena R, Balady GJ, Bittner VA et al (2013) Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 128(8):873–934

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA et al (2017) Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 30(4):303–371

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Seals DR (2001) Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol 37(1):153–156

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mj K (1957) The effects of training on heart rate: a longitudinal study. Ann med exp biol fenn 35:307–315

Google Scholar 

Garg P, Swift AJ, Zhong L, Carlhall CJ, Ebbers T, Westenberg J et al (2020) Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Cardiol 17(5):298–312

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petersen SE, Aung N, Sanghvi MM, Zemrak F, Fung K, Paiva JM et al (2017) Reference ranges for cardiac structure and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in caucasians from the UK Biobank population cohort. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 19(1):18

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Craven TP, Tsao CW, La Gerche A, Simonetti OP, Greenwood JP (2020) Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance: development, current utility and future applications. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 22(1):65

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beaudry RI, Samuel TJ, Wang J, Tucker WJ, Haykowsky MJ, Nelson MD (2018) Exercise cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a feasibility study and meta-analysis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 315(4):R638–R45

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suzuki K, Izumo M, Yoneyama K, Mizukoshi K, Kamijima R, Kou S et al (2015) Influence of exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension on exercise capacity in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Cardiol 66(3):246–252

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magne J, Lancellotti P, Piérard LA (2010) Exercise-Induced changes in degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 56(4):300–309

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee R, Haluska B, Leung DY, Case C, Mundy J, Marwick TH (2005) Functional and prognostic implications of left ventricular contractile reserve in patients with asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Heart 91(11):1407–1412

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leung DY, Griffin BP, Stewart WJ, Cosgrove DM 3rd, Thomas JD, Marwick TH (1996) Left ventricular function after valve repair for chronic mitral regurgitation: predictive value of preoperative assessment of contractile reserve by exercise echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 28(5):1198–1205

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kramer B, Massie B, Topic N (1982) Hemodynamic differences between supine and upright exercise in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 66(4):820–825

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lancellotti P, Dulgheru R, Go YY, Sugimoto T, Marchetta S, Oury C et al (2018) Stress echocardiography in patients with native valvular heart disease. Heart 104(10):807–813

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henri C, Pierard LA, Lancellotti P, Mongeon FP, Pibarot P, Basmadjian AJ (2014) Exercise testing and stress imaging in valvular heart disease. Can J Cardiol 30(9):1012–1026

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kusunose K, Popovic ZB, Motoki H, Marwick TH (2013) Prognostic significance of exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6(2):167–176

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Magne J, Mahjoub H, Dulgheru R, Pibarot P, Pierard LA, Lancellotti P (2014) Left ventricular contractile reserve in asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J 35(24):1608–1616

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leung DY, Griffin BP, Snader CE, Luthern L, Thomas JD, Marwick TH (1997) Determinants of functional capacity in chronic mitral regurgitation unassociated with coronary artery disease or left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 79(7):914–920

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dupuis M, Mahjoub H, Clavel MA, Cote N, Toubal O, Tastet L et al (2017) Forward Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction: a simple risk marker in patients with primary mitral regurgitation. J Am Heart Assoc. ;6(11)

Witkowski TG, Thomas JD, Delgado V, van Rijnsoever E, Ng AC, Hoke U et al (2012) Changes in left ventricular function after mitral valve repair for severe organic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg 93(3):754–760

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar