Hasan Avci, MSc, RN, is Registered Nurse, Ege University Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Izmir, Turkey. Aliye Okgün Alcan, PhD, is Associate Professor, Surgical Nursing Department, Izmir Bakircay University Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir.

Acknowledgments: This article was created from Hasan Avci’s master’s thesis.

The authors have disclosed no financial relationships related to this article.

Submitted April 12, 2023; accepted in revised form August 28, 2023.