From the *Division of Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California

†Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas

‡Division of Burns, Trauma and Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas

§Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Miami, Miami, Florida

‖Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida

¶Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

#Department of General Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland, Ohio

**Center for Statistical Counseling, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California

††Institute for Clinical and Translation Sciences, Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design Unit, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California

‡‡Department of Anesthesiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.

Accepted for publication September 20, 2023.

Funding: None.

Reprints will not be available from the authors.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s website.

Presented at the 16th Annual Academic Surgical Congress in 2021.

This study was approved by each participating site’s Institutional Review Board and deemed exempt from the need for consent.

Data can be made available upon request.

Address correspondence to Eric Owen Yeates, MD, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, 3800 Chapman Ave, Suite 6200 | Orange, CA 92868. Address e-mail to [email protected].