Currently, the prevalence of obesity worldwide has been increasing dramatically, drawing global attention. A survey conducted in 2016 revealed that there were at least 1.9 billion overweight adults globally, with a minimum of 650 million classified as obese [1]. In China, 35% of adults between the ages of 20 and 59 are overweight, while 14.6% are obese [2]. Obesity is a common risk factor associated with elevated morbidity and mortality rates [3]. Obesity is linked to various health complications, including cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, etc. [3], [4]. We find ourselves in an era of high-fat diets, food abundance, and reduced physical activity due to automation and convenience. This has become a significant social issue, contributing to obesity-related diseases [5]. Overconsumption of food and a sedentary lifestyle lead to adipose tissue accumulation and the infiltration of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, into these tissues [6], [7]. When an excess production of inflammatory mediators occurs, they are released into the bloodstream and have long-term effects on blood vessels [8]. Inflammation is considered a crucial link between obesity and the development of metabolic disease complications [9], [10].

The most effective strategies to combat obesity include consuming a low-calorie diet and increasing physical activity to reduce energy intake and enhance energy expenditure, thereby achieving an overall decrease in daily energy consumption [11], [12]. Regular exercise can prevent and delay the progression of various metabolic diseases [13], [14], and mitigating or reducing inflammation may be a critical protective mechanism of physical activity against chronic metabolic diseases [15]. Nevertheless, there is no consensus regarding the optimal timing or intensity of physical activity [16], [17], [18]. It remains unclear whether the timing and intensity of exercise lead to different changes in inflammatory markers among obese adults. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the alterations in immune system activation markers, including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, in overweight and obese patients subjected to different exercise modalities. By observing changes in inflammatory markers resulting from different exercise methods, we aim to provide improved guidance for weight loss in these patients.