Author Affiliations: Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, New Jersey.

Correspondence: Zoltan H. Nemeth, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, 100 Madison Ave #88, Morristown, NJ 07960 ([email protected]).

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other forms of financial support or incentive were received for the preparation of this manuscript.

The authors have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.

The American College of Surgeons (ACS), National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), and the hospitals participating in the ACS NSQIP are the sources of the data used herein; they have not been verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors.

Conceptualization: all authors. Methodology: E.H.S., S.K.G., J.S.R., A.G.G., and Z.H.N. Formal analysis: S.K.G., J.S.R., and Z.H.N. Project administration: L.T.D. and G.L. Writing-original draft: E.H.S., S.K.G., J.S.R., A.G.G., and Z.H.N. Writing-review and editing: all authors. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise. No funding was received for this work.