Lamba, N., Wen, P. Y. & Aizer, A. A. Epidemiology of brain metastases and leptomeningeal disease. Neuro Oncol. 23, 1447–1456 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ostrom, Q. T. et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2016–2020. Neuro Oncol. 25, iv1–iv99 (2023). This article provides the most recent update on the epidemiology of primary brain tumours in the USA.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Louis, D. N. et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 23, 1231–1251 (2021). This review article summarizes the key principles and novel concepts of the 2021 WHO classification.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Iorgulescu, J. B. et al. Molecular biomarker-defined brain tumors: epidemiology, validity, and completeness in the United States. Neuro Oncol. 24, 1989–2000 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leece, R. et al. Global incidence of malignant brain and other central nervous system tumors by histology, 2003–2007. Neuro Oncol. 19, 1553–1564 (2017).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Girardi, F. et al. Global survival trends for brain tumors, by histology: analysis of individual records for 556,237 adults diagnosed in 59 countries during 2000–2014 (CONCORD-3). Neuro Oncol. 25, 580–592 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Girardi, F. et al. Global survival trends for brain tumors, by histology: Analysis of individual records for 67,776 children diagnosed in 61 countries during 2000–2014 (CONCORD-3). Neuro Oncol. 25, 593–606 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S., Ostrom, Q. T. & Cote, D. Epidemiology of brain tumors. Neurol. Clin. 36, 395–419 (2018).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor, A. J. et al. Population-based risks of CNS tumors in survivors of childhood cancer: the British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 5287–5293 (2010).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leary, J. B., Anderson-Mellies, A. & Green, A. L. Population-based analysis of radiation-induced gliomas after cranial radiotherapy for childhood cancers. Neurooncol Adv. 4, vdac159 (2022).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sadetzki, S. et al. Long-term follow-up for brain tumor development after childhood exposure to ionizing radiation for tinea capitis. Radiat. Res. 163, 424–432 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hauptmann, M. et al. Brain cancer after radiation exposure from CT examinations of children and young adults: results from the EPI-CT cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 24, 45–53 (2023). This study reports a dose–response relationship between CT-related radiation exposure before the age of 22 years and the development of primary brain tumours, strongly suggesting careful use of CT in children.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deng, M. Y. et al. Radiation-induced gliomas represent H3-/IDH-wild type pediatric gliomas with recurrent PDGFRA amplification and loss of CDKN2A/B. Nat. Commun. 12, 5530 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeSisto, J. et al. Comprehensive molecular characterization of pediatric radiation-induced high-grade glioma. Nat. Commun. 12, 5531 (2021). Refs. 13 and 14 provide novel information on the molecular landscape of irradiation-induced gliomas.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castaño-Vinyals, G. et al. Wireless phone use in childhood and adolescence and neuroepithelial brain tumours: results from the international MOBI-Kids study. Env. Int. 160, 107069 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Schüz, J. et al. Cellular telephone use and the risk of brain tumors: update of the UK Million Women Study. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 114, 704–711 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Claus, E. B., Cannataro, V. L., Gaffney, S. G. & Townsend, J. P. Environmental and sex-specific molecular signatures of glioma causation. Neuro Oncol. 24, 29–36 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Linos, E., Raine, T., Alonso, A. & Michaud, D. Atopy and risk of brain tumors: a meta-analysis. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 99, 1544–1550 (2007).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Disney-Hogg, L. et al. Impact of atopy on risk of glioma: a Mendelian randomisation study. BMC Med. 16, 42 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun, G. et al. Association between polymorphisms in interleukin-4Rα and interleukin-13 and glioma risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. 37, 306–310 (2013).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schwartzbaum, J. A. et al. Inherited variation in immune genes and pathways and glioblastoma risk. Carcinogenesis 31, 1770–1777 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gutmann, D. H. et al. Neurofibromatosis type 1. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 3, 17004 (2017).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coy, S., Rashid, R., Stemmer-Rachamimov, A. & Santagata, S. An update on the CNS manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 2. Acta Neuropathol. 139, 643–665 (2020).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Northrup, H. et al. Updated international tuberous sclerosis complex diagnostic criteria and surveillance and management recommendations. Pediatr. Neurol. 123, 50–66 (2021).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sloan, E. A. et al. Gliomas arising in the setting of Li-Fraumeni syndrome stratify into two molecular subgroups with divergent clinicopathologic features. Acta Neuropathol. 139, 953–957 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guerrini-Rousseau, L. et al. Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency-associated brain tumors: report from the European C4CMMRD consortium. Neurooncol Adv. 1, vdz033 (2019).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suwala, A. K. et al. Primary mismatch repair deficient IDH-mutant astrocytoma (PMMRDIA) is a distinct type with a poor prognosis. Acta Neuropathol. 141, 85–100 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bahuau, M. et al. Germ-line deletion involving the INK4 locus in familial proneness to melanoma and nervous system tumors. Cancer Res. 58, 2298–2303 (1998).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choi, D.-J. et al. The genomic landscape of familial glioma. Sci. Adv. 9, eade2675 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bainbridge, M. N. et al. Germline mutations in shelterin complex genes are associated with familial glioma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 107, 384 (2015).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Melin, B. S. et al. Genome-wide association study of glioma subtypes identifies specific differences in genetic susceptibility to glioblastoma and non-glioblastoma tumors. Nat. Genet. 49, 789–794 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eckel-Passow, J. E. et al. Adult diffuse glioma GWAS by molecular subtype identifies variants in D2HGDH and FAM20C. Neuro Oncol. 22, 1602–1613 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yanchus, C. et al. A noncoding single-nucleotide polymorphism at 8q24 drives IDH1-mutant glioma formation. Science 378, 68–78 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parsons, D. W. et al. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. Science 321, 1807–1812 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yan, H. et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 765–773 (2009).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reitman, Z. J. et al. Profiling the effects of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations on the cellular metabolome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 3270–3275 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu, W. et al. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Cancer Cell 19, 17–30 (2011).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malta, T. M. et al. Glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP): biological and clinical implications. Neuro Oncol. 20, 608–620 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed