Chughtai B, Forde JC, Thomas DD, Laor L, Hossack T, Woo HH, et al. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16031.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu C, Wang DQ, Zi H, Huang Q, Gu JM, Li LY, et al. Epidemiological trends of urinary tract infections, urolithiasis and benign prostatic hyperplasia in 203 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Mil Med Res. 2021;8(1):64.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu D, Li C, Li Y, Zhou L, Li J, Wang Y, et al. Benign prostatic hyperplasia burden comparison between China and United States based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. World J Urol. 2023;41(12):3629–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miernik A, Gratzke C. Current treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;117(49):843–54.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ng M, Baradhi KM. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. In: StatPearls (Eds.), StatPearls Publishing. Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC. Treasure Island: Ineligible companies. Disclosure: Krishna Baradhi declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. 2023.

Kang TW, Jung JH, Hwang EC, Borofsky M, Kim MH, Dahm P. Convective radiofrequency water vapour thermal therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;3(3):Cd013251.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Devlin CM, Simms MS, Maitland NJ. Benign prostatic hyperplasia - what do we know? BJU Int. 2021;127(4):389–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Welén K, Damber JE. Androgens, aging, and prostate health. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23(6):1221–31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cunha GR, Vezina CM, Isaacson D, Ricke WA, Timms BG, Cao M, et al. Development of the human prostate. Differentiation. 2018;103:24–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Timms BG, Hofkamp LE. Prostate development and growth in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation. 2011;82(4–5):173–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McNeal JE. Origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement. Invest Urol. 1978;15(4):340–5.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bierhoff E, Walljasper U, Hofmann D, Vogel J, Wernert N, Pfeifer U. Morphological analogies of fetal prostate stroma and stromal nodules in BPH. Prostate. 1997;31(4):234–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joseph DB, Turco AE, Vezina CM, Strand DW. Progenitors in prostate development and disease. Dev Biol. 2021;473:50–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brennen WN, Isaacs JT. Mesenchymal stem cells and the embryonic reawakening theory of BPH. Nat Rev Urol. 2018;15(11):703–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Alonso-Magdalena P, Brössner C, Reiner A, Cheng G, Sugiyama N, Warner M, et al. A role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(8):2859–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hennenberg M, Schreiber A, Ciotkowska A, Rutz B, Waidelich R, Strittmatter F, et al. Cooperative effects of EGF, FGF, and TGF-β1 in prostate stromal cells are different from responses to single growth factors. Life Sci. 2015;123:18–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Untergasser G, Gander R, Lilg C, Lepperdinger G, Plas E, Berger P. Profiling molecular targets of TGF-beta1 in prostate fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Mech Ageing Dev. 2005;126(1):59–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

La Vignera S, Condorelli RA, Russo GI, Morgia G, Calogero AE. Endocrine control of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Andrology. 2016;4(3):404–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Descazeaud A, Weinbreck N, Robert G, Vacherot F, Abbou CC, Labrousse F, et al. Transforming growth factor β-receptor II protein expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia is associated with prostate volume and inflammation. BJU Int. 2011;108(2 Pt 2):E23-28.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wegner KA, Mueller BR, Unterberger CJ, Avila EJ, Ruetten H, Turco AE, et al. Prostate epithelial-specific expression of activated PI3K drives stromal collagen production and accumulation. J Pathol. 2020;250(2):231–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu S, Ren J, Ten Dijke P. Targeting TGFβ signal transduction for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang YE. Non-Smad pathways in TGF-beta signaling. Cell Res. 2009;19(1):128–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaffe AB, Hall A. Rho GTPases: biochemistry and biology. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2005;21:247–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kilian LS, Voran J, Frank D, Rangrez AY. RhoA: a dubious molecule in cardiac pathophysiology. J Biomed Sci. 2021;28(1):33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ke X, Do DC, Li C, Zhao Y, Kollarik M, Fu Q, et al. Ras homolog family member A/Rho-associated protein kinase 1 signaling modulates lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells in asthmatic patients through lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;143(4):1560-1574.e1566.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duan ZW, Lu H. Effect of mechanical strain on cells involved in fracture healing. Orthop Surg. 2021;13(2):369–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Tai HC, Sladojevic N, Kim HH, Liao JK. Vascular stiffening mediated by rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase isoforms. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(20):e022568.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brennen WN, Kisteman LN, Isaacs JT. Rapid selection of mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells in primary prostate stromal cultures. Prostate. 2016;76(6):552–64.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwon OJ, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wei X, Zhang L, Chen R, et al. Functional heterogeneity of mouse prostate stromal cells revealed by single-cell RNA-Seq. iScience. 2019;13:328–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Xie L, Tintani F, Xie H, Li C, Cui Z, et al. Aberrant transforming growth factor-β activation recruits mesenchymal stem cells during prostatic hyperplasia. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6(2):394–404.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou BO, Yue R, Murphy MM, Peyer JG, Morrison SJ. Leptin-receptor-expressing mesenchymal stromal cells represent the main source of bone formed by adult bone marrow. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;15(2):154–68.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zheng H, Xie J, Song K, Yang J, Xiao H, Zhang J, et al. StemSC: a cross-dataset human stemness index for single-cell samples. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1):115.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen Q, Gu M, Cai ZK, Zhao H, Sun SC, Liu C, et al. TGF-β1 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness of prostate cancer cells by inducing PCBP1 degradation and alternative splicing of CD44. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;78(3):949–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Chen Y, Li Y, Lian W, Zheng K, Zhang Y, et al. Prrx1 promotes stemness and angiogenesis via activating TGF-β/smad pathway and upregulating proangiogenic factors in glioma. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(6):615.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kamran P, Sereti KI, Zhao P, Ali SR, Weissman IL, Ardehali R. Parabiosis in mice: a detailed protocol. J Vis Exp. 2013;(80):5056.

Cao J, Jin L, Yan ZQ, Wang XK, Li YY, Wang Z, et al. Reassessing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in mouse bone marrow: insights from lineage tracing models. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):8461.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinto JP, Kalathur RK, Oliveira DV, Barata T, Machado RS, Machado S, et al. StemChecker: a web-based tool to discover and explore stemness signatures in gene sets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(W1):W72-77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yan Q, Wang M, Xia H, Dai C, Diao T, Wang Y, et al. Single-cell RNA-sequencing technology demonstrates the heterogeneity between aged prostate peripheral and transitional zone. Clin Transl Med. 2022;12(10):e1084.

Article