In 2017, around 161,000 men in the United States were diagnosed with prostate cancer, establishing it as the prevalent form of cancer for males (Desai et al., 2021). Although some people with localized, locally advanced, or metastatic cancer experience a gradual advancement and a minimal chance of death, individuals with intermediate or high-risk cancer may have an increased probability of mortality even with treatment (Carlsson and Vickers, 2020). Consequently, prostate cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related fatalities among males in the nation (Rebello et al., 2021). The overall occurrence of prostate cancer is influenced by various factors. Some factors that contribute to this are advanced age, being of African-American descent, and having a family history of the condition (Sandhu et al., 2021). The occurrence of prostate cancer is uncommon among males who are below the age of 40, and the likelihood of developing it rises as they get older. Incidence rates rise significantly after the age of 55, along with other types of epithelial cancers (Murillo-Garzón and Kypta, 2017).The risk of prostate cancer is significantly higher for men with affected fathers or brothers, who have two to three times greater chances compared to those without a family history. Having a family history of prostate cancer also greatly increases the risk.

While the exact causes of the high incidence of prostate cancer are not fully understood, research has identified certain risk factors (Catalona, 2018). Occupational exposure in industries such as rubber, radiation, farming, printing, and plumbing has been investigated as possible risk factors (Termini et al., 2020). Epidemiological studies have indicated a higher susceptibility to prostate cancer associated with farming methods (Castillejos-Molina and Gabilondo-Navarro, 2016). Farmers, including those who apply pesticides, have shown increased rates of both occurrence and death in comparison to the overall populace. Multiple studies have indicated a heightened risk of prostate cancer associated with exposure to pesticides, fungicides, and plasticizers (Pezaro et al., 2014).

Moreover, recent findings indicate that bisphenol A (BPA), which is frequently present in plastics, receipts, food packaging, and various other items, could potentially cause harmful impacts as an endocrine disruptor (Michałowicz, 2014).Various types of cancer, such as prostate and breast cancer, have been linked to BPA in recent research. Due to consumer worries, certain manufacturers have opted to substitute BPA with bisphenol S (BPS) and other bisphenol analogues. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of research on the association between BPS and human ailments. Current inquiries are focused on investigating the possible involvement of BPS in prostate cancer by utilizing various databases and conducting bioinformatics analyses (Rochester, 2013). Prostate cancer treatment options commonly include surgery, radiation therapy, and androgen deprivation therapy (Vandenberg et al., 2007). Prostate cancer is considered an androgen-dependent cancer, as it relies on androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone for growth (Humphrey, 2017). Androgen deprivation therapy can lead to significant tumor shrinkage, with reductions of up to 80% observed in some cases (Wasim et al., 2022).

It is essential to comprehend the factors that increase the risk and the possible impacts of the environment on prostate cancer in order to prevent it and develop effective treatment approaches. Further investigation and examination will contribute to the discovery of additional knowledge regarding the origins and processes of prostate cancer, ultimately resulting in enhanced results and more effective control of this prevalent illness.