Ehrenberg AJ, Kelberman MA, Liu KY, et al. Priorities for research on neuromodulatory subcortical systems in Alzheimer’s disease: position paper from the NSS PIA of ISTAART. Alzheimers Dement. 2023;19(5):2182–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matchett BJ, Grinberg LT, Theofilas P, et al. The mechanistic link between selective vulnerability of the locus coeruleus and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2021;141(5):631–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sara SJ. The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:211–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Šimić G, Babić Leko M, Wray S, et al. Monoaminergic neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol. 2017;151:101–38.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baxter MG, Chiba AA. Cognitive functions of the basal forebrain. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1999;9:178–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sarter M, Bruno JP, Givens B. Attentional functions of cortical cholinergic inputs: what does it mean for learning and memory? Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2003;80:245–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grudzien A, Shaw P, Weintraub S, et al. Locus coeruleus neurofibrillary degeneration in aging, mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2007;28:327–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arendt T, Brückner MK, Morawski M, et al. Early neurone loss in Alzheimer’s disease: cortical or subcortical? Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2015;3:10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kelly SC, He B, Perez SE, et al. Locus coeruleus cellular and molecular pathology during the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2017;5:8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Davies P, Maloney AJ. Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet. 1976;2:1403.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, Clark AW, et al. Alzheimer disease: evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Ann Neurol. 1981;10:122–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hall AM, Moore RY, Lopez OL, et al. Basal forebrain atrophy is a presymptomatic marker for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2008;4:271–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grothe M, Zaborszky L, Atienza M, et al. Reduction of basal forebrain cholinergic system parallels cognitive impairment in patients at high risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Cereb Cortex. 2010;20:1685–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mesulam M, Shaw P, Mash D, et al. Cholinergic nucleus basalis tauopathy emerges early in the aging-MCI-AD continuum. Ann Neurol. 2004;55:815–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braak H, Del Tredici K. The preclinical phase of the pathological process underlying sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 10):2814–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braak H, Thal DR, Ghebremedhin E, et al. Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: age categories from 1 to 100 years. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2011;70:960–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braak H, Del Tredici K. Alzheimer’s pathogenesis: is there neuron-to-neuron propagation? Acta Neuropathol. 2011;121:589–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Braak H, Del Tredici K. Where, when, and in what form does sporadic Alzheimer’s disease begin? Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25:708–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weinshenker D. Long Road to ruin: noradrenergic dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci. 2018;41(4):211–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Betts MJ, Kirilina E, Otaduy MCG, et al. Locus coeruleus imaging as a biomarker for noradrenergic dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Brain. 2019;142(9):2558–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teipel SJ, Flatz WH, Heinsen H, et al. Measurement of basal forebrain atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease using MRI. Brain. 2005;128:2626–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zaborszky L, Hoemke L, Mohlberg H, et al. Stereotaxic probabilistic maps of the magnocellular cell groups in human basal forebrain. NeuroImage. 2008;42:1127–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grothe MJ, Schuster C, Bauer F, et al. Atrophy of the cholinergic basal forebrain in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease dementia. J Neurol. 2014;261:1939–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grothe M, Heinsen H, Teipel SJ. Atrophy of the cholinergic basal forebrain over the adult age range and in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71:805–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teipel SJ, Meindl T, Grinberg L, et al. The cholinergic system in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: an in vivo MRI and DTI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011;32:1349–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nelson PT, Dickson DW, Trojanowski JQ, et al. Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report. Brain. 2019;142:1503–27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nelson PT, Lee EB, Cykowski MD, et al. LATE-NC staging in routine neuropathologic diagnosis: an update. Acta Neuropathol. 2023;145(2):159–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nag S, Schneider JA. Limbic-predominant age-related TDP43 encephalopathy (LATE) neuropathological change in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurol. 2023;19(9):525–41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teipel SJ, Grothe MJ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Antemortem basal forebrain atrophy in pure limbic TAR DNA-binding protein 43 pathology compared with pure Alzheimer pathology. Eur J Neurol. 2022;29:1394–401.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teipel S, Grothe MJ, Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. MRI-based basal forebrain atrophy and volumetric signatures associated with limbic TDP-43 compared to Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Neurobiol Dis. 2023;180:106070.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ohm DT, Peterson C, Lobrovich R, et al. Degeneration of the locus coeruleus is a common feature of tauopathies and distinct from TDP-43 proteinopathies in the frontotemporal lobar degeneration spectrum. Acta Neuropathol. 2020;140:675–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matti N, Javanshiri K, Haglund M, Saenz-Sardá X, Englund E. Locus Coeruleus Degeneration differs between Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration subtypes. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;89(2):463–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Convery RS, Neason MR, Cash DM, et al. Basal forebrain atrophy in frontotemporal dementia. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;26:102210.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lagarde J, Olivieri P, Tonietto M, et al. Distinct amyloid and tau PET signatures are associated with diverging clinical and imaging trajectories in patients with amnestic syndrome of the hippocampal type. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):498.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 9):2456–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76(11):1006–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lagarde J, Olivieri P, Tonietto M, et al. Tau-PET imaging predicts cognitive decline and brain atrophy progression in early Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022;93(5):459–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

García-Lorenzo D, Longo-Dos Santos C, Ewenczyk C, et al. The coeruleus/subcoeruleus complex in rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2013;136:2120–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central