World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.

Google Scholar 

Lange C, Dheda K, Chesov D, Mandalakas AM, Udwadia Z, Horsburgh CR. Management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet. 2019;394(10202):953–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 4: treatment – drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.

Google Scholar 

Rifat D, Li SY, Ioerger T, Shah K, Lanoix JP, Lee J, Bashiri G, Sacchettini J, Nuermberger E. Mutations in fbiD (Rv2983) as a novel determinant of resistance to Pretomanid and Delamanid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Ch. 2021;65(1).

Kadura S, King N, Nakhoul M, Zhu HY, Theron G, Koser CU, Farhat M. Systematic review of mutations associated with resistance to the new and repurposed Mycobacterium tuberculosis drugs bedaquiline, clofazimine, linezolid, delamanid and pretomanid. J Antimicrob Chemoth. 2020;75(8):2031–43.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee BM, Harold LK, Almeida DV, Afriat-Jurnou L, Aung HL, Forde BM, Hards K, Pidot SJ, Ahmed FH, Mohamed AE, et al. Predicting Nitroimidazole antibiotic resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis with protein engineering. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16(2):e1008287.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wen SA, Jing W, Zhang TT, Zong ZJ, Xue Y, Shang YY, Wang F, Huang HR, Chu NH, Pang Y. Comparison of in vitro activity of the nitroimidazoles delamanid and pretomanid against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 2019;38(7):1293–6.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Timm J, Bateson A, Solanki P, Paleckyte A, Witney AA, Rofael SAD et al. Baseline and acquired resistance to bedaquiline, linezolid and pretomanid, and impact on treatment outcomes in four tuberculosis clinical trials containing pretomanid. PLoS Global Public Health (in press).

Schena E, Nedialkova L, Borroni E, Battaglia S, Cabibbe AM, Niemann S, Utpatel C, Merker M, Trovato A, Hofmann-Thiel S, et al. Delamanid susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using the resazurin microtitre assay and the BACTEC (TM) MGIT (TM) 960 system. J Antimicrob Chemoth. 2016;71(6):1532–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bateson A, Canseco JO, McHugh TD, Witney AA, Feuerriegel S, Merker M, Kohl TA, Utpatel C, Niemann S, Andres S, et al. Ancient and recent differences in the intrinsic susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex to pretomanid. J Antimicrob Chemoth. 2022;77(6):1685–93.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Technical Report on critical concentrations for drug susceptibility testing of medicines used in the treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018.

Fowler PW, Barilar I, Battaglia S, Borroni E, Brandao AP, Brankin A, Cabibbe AM, Carter J, Cirillo DM, Claxton P et al. Epidemiological cut-off values for a 96-well broth microdilution plate for high-throughput research antibiotic susceptibility testing of M. Tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2022;60(4).

Zhang FZ, Li SS, Wen SA, Zhang TT, Shang YY, Huo FM, Xue Y, Li L, Pang Y. Comparison of in vitro susceptibility of Mycobacteria against PA-824 to identify key residues of Ddn, the Deazoflavin-Dependent Nitroreductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:815–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coll F, Preston M, Guerra-Assuncao JA, Hill-Cawthorn G, Harris D, Perdigao J, Viveiros M, Portugal I, Drobniewski F, Gagneux S, et al. PolyTB: a genomic variation map for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis. 2014;94(3):46–54.

Article  Google Scholar 

He WC, Liu CF, Liu DX, Ma AJ, Song YM, He P, Bao JJ, Li YC, Zhao B, Fan JL, et al. Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to bedaquiline and delamanid in China. J Glob Antimicrob Re. 2021;26:241–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Meeting report of the WHO expert conslutation on the definition of extensively drug resistant tuberculosis, 27–29 October 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.

Google Scholar 

Liu DX, Huang F, Zhang GL, He WC, Ou XC, He P, Zhao B, Zhu BL, Liu F, Li ZY et al. Whole-genome sequencing for surveillance of tuberculosis drug resistance and determination of resistance level in China. Clin Microbiol Infec. 2022;28(5).

He WC, Tan YH, Liu CF, Wang YT, He P, Song ZX, Liu DX, Zheng HW, Ma AJ, Zhao B et al. Drug-resistant characteristics, genetic diversity, and Transmission Dynamics ofrifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Hunan, China, revealed by whole-genome sequencing. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(1).

Rodrigues C, Moore D, Crook DW, Cirillo DM, Fowler PW, Iqbal Z, Ismail NA, Mistry N, Niemann S, Peto TEA et al. Genome-wide association studies of global Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to 13 antimicrobials in 10,228 genomes identify new resistance mechanisms. Plos Biol. 2022;20(8).

Diel R, Kohl TA, Maurer FP, Merker M, Walter KM, Hannemann J, Nienhaus A, Supply P, Niemann S. Accuracy of whole-genome sequencing to determine recent tuberculosis transmission: an 11-year population-based study in Hamburg, Germany. Eur Respir J. 2019;54(5).

Manjunatha UH, Boshoff H, Dowd CS, Zhang L, Albert TJ, Norton JE, Daniels L, Dick T, Pang SS, Barry CE. Identification of a nitroimidazo-oxazine-specific protein involved in PA-824 resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:431–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomez-Gonzalez PJ, Perdigao J, Gomes P, Puyen ZM, Santos-Lazaro D, Napier G, Hibberd ML, Viveiros M, Portugal I, Campino S, et al. Genetic diversity of candidate loci linked to Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to bedaquiline, delamanid and pretomanid. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):19431.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhalla M, Sahalchyk E, Omar SV, Aubry Nguyen H, Timm J et al. Pretomanid Resistance Surveillance Program 2020 to 2025 – An interim report. Union World Conference on Lung Health. 2023.

European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 13.0, 2023.

Liu QY, Ma AJ, Wei LH, Pang Y, Wu BB, Luo T, Zhou Y, Zheng HX, Jiang Q, Gan MY, et al. China’s tuberculosis epidemic stems from historical expansion of four strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Ecol Evol. 2018;2(12):1982–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Matsumoto M, Ishida H, Ohguro K, Yoshitake M, Gupta R, Geiter L, Hafkin J. Delamanid: from discovery to its use for pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Tuberculosis. 2018;111:20–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Puyén ZM, Santos-Lázaro D, Vigo AN, Coronel J, Alarcón MJ, Cotrina VV, Moore DAJ. Evaluation of the broth microdilution plate methodology for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Peru. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):705.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar